List of Cancers and Cancer Types List | Cancer Related Diseases
Cancer is the term for a group of diseases that can affect any part of the body , grow uncontrollably, and spread to other parts. When cancer spreads to distant organs, this process is referred to as metastasis. These widespread metastases are the main causes of death from cancer.
Cancer cells can form tumors, which are masses of tissue, classified as benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant tumors invade nearby tissues and metastasise to distant sites, forming new tumors, while benign ones do not invade or spread and usually do not regrow after removal. Each cancer is distinct due to genetic variations, and further changes may occur as the disease progresses.
General signs and symptoms of cancer
The common signs and symptoms of cancer are:
- Unexplained weight loss
- Persistent fatigue or weakness
- A lump or thickening felt anywhere in the body
- Changes in skin, such as new moles, sores that do not heal, or skin discolouration
- Unusual bruising or bleeding
- Persistent pain without a clear cause
- Unusual discharge
- Changes in bowel or bladder habits
- Difficulty swallowing or persistent indigestion
- Chronic cough, hoarseness, or coughing up blood
- Shortness of breath
- Fever or night sweats without infection
- Unusual vaginal bleeding or discharge
- difficulty getting an erection
- Erectile dysfunction or blood in semen (possible prostate cancer signs)
List of Different Types of Cancer
There are more than 200 types of cancer, commonly classified by the type of cell in which they originate. Broadly, cancers are grouped into five primary types:
List of Carcinomas (Most Common Cancers)
Cancers that begin in epithelial cells (skin or organ linings):
- Adenocarcinoma
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- Basal Cell Carcinoma
- Transitional Cell Carcinoma
- Small Cell Carcinoma
- Large Cell Carcinoma
- Adenosquamous Carcinoma
- Carcinosarcoma
- Merkel Cell Carcinoma
List of Sarcomas
Cancers of connective or supportive tissues:
- Osteosarcoma (bone)
- Chondrosarcoma (cartilage)
- Liposarcoma (fat tissue)
- Leiomyosarcoma (smooth muscle)
- Rhabdomyosarcoma (skeletal muscle)
- Angiosarcoma (blood vessels)
- Fibrosarcoma
- Ewing Sarcoma
- Synovial Sarcoma
Blood Cancer Types List (Hematological Malignancies)
Leukemias
- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
- Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
- Hairy Cell Leukemia
Lymphomas
- Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Plasma Cell Cancers
- Multiple Myeloma
- Plasmacytoma
Solid Tumor Cancers List (Solid Organ Cancers)
List of Head & Neck Cancers
- Oral Cancer
- Tongue Cancer
- Throat (Pharyngeal) Cancer
- Laryngeal Cancer
- Nasopharyngeal Cancer
- Salivary Gland Cancer
List of Thoracic Cancers
- Lung Cancer (NSCLC, SCLC)
- Esophageal Cancer
- Thymic Cancer
List of Gastrointestinal Cancers
- Stomach (Gastric) Cancer
- Colorectal Cancer
- Liver Cancer (Hepatocellular carcinoma)
- Gallbladder Cancer
- Pancreatic Cancer
- Small Intestine Cancer
- Anus Cancer
List of Genitourinary Cancers
- Kidney Cancer
- Bladder Cancer
- Prostate Cancer
- Testicular Cancer
- Penile Cancer
List of Gynecological Cancers
- Breast Cancer
- Cervical Cancer
- Ovarian Cancer
- Uterine (Endometrial) Cancer
- Vaginal Cancer
- Vulvar Cancer
Brain and Spinal Cord Cancers List
This type of cancer is also called central nervous system cancer, which usually starts in the brain or spinal cord.
- Glioma
- Astrocytoma
- Oligodendroglioma
- Glioblastoma
- Ependymoma
- Medulloblastoma
- Meningioma
- Spinal Cord Tumors
List of Skin Cancers
Cancers that originate in the skin cells, commonly caused by prolonged sun exposure, including melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers.
- Melanoma
- Basal Cell Carcinoma
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- Merkel Cell Carcinoma
List of Endocrine & Neuroendocrine Cancers
Cancers arising from hormone-producing glands or neuroendocrine cells that affect hormone regulation and metabolic functions.
- Thyroid Cancer
- Adrenal Cancer
- Parathyroid Cancer
- Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs)
- Pheochromocytoma
Rare & Pediatric Cancers
Uncommon cancers that often occur in children or young adults, requiring specialized diagnosis and multidisciplinary treatment approaches.
- Retinoblastoma
- Wilms Tumor
- Neuroblastoma
- Hepatoblastoma
- Germ Cell Tumors
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a fast-growing cancer of the blood and bone marrow caused by the uncontrolled production of lymphocytes. The exact causes are usually unknown, but genetic changes in the blood cells play an important role. Symptoms are weakness or fatigue, easy bruising, shortness of breath, weight loss, and frequent infection. Risk is higher in males, older age, individuals with genetic disorders, individuals exposed to radiation, and individuals with a weakened immune system.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
AML is a cancer of the blood and bone in which abnormal myeloid cells grow rapidly and interfere with normal blood cell production. Risk factors include older age, prior chemotherapy or radiation, smoking, and certain syndromes or inherited disorders.
Acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL)
Acute promyelocytic leukaemia is a rare and aggressive subtype of acute myeloid leukemia caused by abnormal accumulation of immature promyelocytes in the bone marrow. It occurs due to a specific genetic change involving the PML-RARA fusion gene. Diagnosis shows abnormal promyelocytes with characteristic genetic findings on blood and bone marrow tests.
Adenocarcinoma
Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that starts in mucous-producing cells and commonly affects organs such as the bowel, breast, cervix, kidney, lungs, pancreas, prostate and stomach. The symptoms of adenocarcinoma will depend on which organ is affected by cancer, and many patients won’t experience any symptoms until the cancer is more advanced.
Adrenocortical carcinoma
Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare cancer of the adrenal cortex, the hormone-producing outer layer of the adrenal gland. Symptoms often result from excess hormone secretion, such as weight gain, high blood pressure, muscle weakness, abnormal hair growth, voice changes, or abdominal pain, and it may be linked to genetic mutations or inherited syndromes like Li-Fraumeni or Beckwith–Wiedemann.
Adult Hodgkin lymphoma
Adult Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer occuring in the lymphatic system in which abnormal lymphocytes grow uncontrollably, most often affecting lymph nodes. Symptoms commonly include painless swollen lymph nodes, persistent fever, night sweats, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and itching. The cause is not fully understood but is linked to genetic changes in lymphocytes and often associated with Epstein–Barr virus infection.
Ameloblastoma
Ameloblastoma is a rare, mostly benign odontogenic tumor of the jaw with low malignant potential. It typically presents as a painless swelling and may cause facial asymmetry, loose teeth, and difficulty with chewing.
Ampullary cancer
Ampullary cancer is a rare malignancy arising from the ampulla of Vater. Common symptoms include jaundice, abdominal pain, weight loss, and itching, and known risk factors include familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), Lynch syndrome, and chronic inflammation.
Anal cancer
Anal cancer is a cancer starting in the anus or anal canal, which causes symptoms like bleeding, lumps, pain, itching, discharge from the anus or changes in bowel habits. Most of the anal cancers are related to human papillomavirus (HPV).
Angiosarcoma
Angiosarcoma is an uncommon cancer that originates from the endothelial cells lining blood or lymphatic vessels. It is characterised by a biopsy showing malignant vascular cells, supported by immunohistochemistry and imaging for staging.
Anaplastic thyroid cancer
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare, highly aggressive form of thyroid cancer that arises from thyroid follicular cells and grows very rapidly. Etiology of this cancer is unknown.
Appendix cancer
Appendix cancer is a rare cancer that develops in the appendix, a small pouch attached to the large intestine. Symptoms may vary from one patient to another; some experience no symptoms, while some report abdominal pain, bloating, and ascites.
Astrocytoma
Astrocytomas are brain tumours that arise from astrocytes, star-shaped support cells in the central nervous system. Risk is higher in individuals before ionising radiation exposure and certain rare genetic syndromes. And children who receive prophylactic radiation for acute lymphocytic leukaemia have 22 times higher chances of developing central nervous system (CNS) malignancy.
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT)
This is the main central nervous system tumor that begins in the brain and spinal cord. The cause is usually loss or mutation of the SMARCB1 (INI1) gene or, less commonly, SMARCA4. AT/RTs cancer is fast-growing. It often spreads to other parts of the CNS via cerebrospinal fluid.
Basal cell carcinoma
The most common type of skin cancer originates from the basal cells of the skin. It is primarily caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight or tanning beds, leading to DNA damage in skin cells.
Bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)
Bile duct cancer, also called cholangiocarcinoma, is a rare but aggressive malignant cancer arising from the epithelial cells of the bile ducts, occurring within the liver (intrahepatic) or outside it (perihilar or distal). Because symptoms often appear late, it is frequently diagnosed at advanced stages.
Bladder cancer
Bladder cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when cells in the bladder grow abnormally. The most common symptom is painless hematuria (blood in urine). The bladder is a crucial organ located in the lower abdomen that stores urine for excretion. When it spreads beyond the bladder lining/muscle to organs/lymph nodes, it is called invasive.
Read more about Bladder Cancer
Blastoma
A blastoma is a type of cancer that originates from primitive, immature (blast) cells and most commonly occurs in children, arising from embryonic tissue. These tumors are named according to their site of origin, such as retinoblastoma in the eye, neuroblastoma in nerve cells, and hepatoblastoma in the liver. They tend to grow rapidly, affecting various organs with symptoms such as lumps, pain, or neurological changes depending on the location.
Bone cancer
Bone cancer is a rare disease in which abnormal cells grow uncontrollably within bone tissue, forming malignant tumors. The most common types include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma (a rare, aggressive cancer starting in bone or soft tissue). Symptoms often involve persistent bone pain, swelling, or fractures, usually near joints.
Borderline ovarian tumor
Borderline ovarian tumor is a low-grade epithelial ovarian neoplasm characterised by abnormal cell proliferation without stromal invasion, placing it between benign ovarian cysts and invasive ovarian cancer. Symptoms are often mild or absent but may include abdominal bloating, pelvic or abdominal pain, and constipation.
Brain cancer
A brain tumor is abnormal cell growth that takes place in the brain or skull. It can develop in any part of the brain or skull. Symptoms depend on tumor location and size and may include persistent headaches, seizures, nausea or vomiting, vision or speech disturbances, weakness, cognitive or personality changes, and balance problems.
Breast cancer
Breast cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal breast cells, often starting in milk ducts or lobules, forming tumors that can metastasise (spread) to other parts of the body, with symptoms like lumps, skin changes, or nipple discharge. Breast cancer is generally caused by genetic changes in breast cells, which hormones and environmental factors may influence.
Bronchial carcinoid tumor
Bronchial carcinoid tumor is a rare, slow-growing neuroendocrine cancer of the lung that arises from hormone-producing cells in the bronchial airways. Patients generally experience persistent cough, wheezing, recurrent lung infections, chest pain, shortness of breath, and coughing up blood, while some patients may remain asymptomatic.
Burkitt lymphoma
Burkitt lymphoma is a highly aggressive non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma. The condition is linked to Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and chromosomal translocations that result in the overexpression of the oncogene C-MYC.
Brain stem glioma
Brainstem glioma is a tumour arising from glial cells within the brainstem, most commonly affecting children but also occurring in adults. Symptoms typically develop rapidly and include difficulty with balance, headache, numbness, and nausea.
Carcinoid tumor
Carcinoid tumor is a slow-growing neuroendocrine cancer that starts in hormone-producing cells, usually in the gastrointestinal system (ileum, appendix, and rectum) and lungs. Symptoms may be missing at first, but when they appear, they include abdominal pain, diarrhea, flushing, wheezing, coughing, unexplained weight loss, and, in severe cases, carcinoid syndrome caused by excessive hormone secretion.
Cervical cancer
It is the fourth most common type of cancer seen in women. It is a malignancy arising from the cells of the cervix, most commonly caused by persistent infection with high-risk HPV virus types, especially HPV-16 and HPV-18. This cancer is largely preventable with HPV vaccination and regular screening.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a slow-growing malignancy of the blood and bone marrow that is distinguished by the buildup of abnormal B cells. CLL starts with the mutation of B cells, which are called CLL cells.
Chordoma
Chordoma is a rare, slow-growing malignant bone tumor that arises from remnants of the notochord, typically occurring at the base of the clivus (skull) or the sacrum. The cause is unknown, but it develops due to abnormal proliferation of notochordal cells and presents with headache, nerve compression symptoms (numbness/weakness), walking difficulty, bowel or bladder dysfunction, and cranial nerve deficits such as double vision or swallowing difficulty.
Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer is a malignancy that develops in the colon or rectum, usually from precancerous polyps over time. It is caused by genetic mutations in the lining of the large intestine, with risk increased by factors such as advancing age, family history, diets high in red or processed meat, obesity, smoking, and physical inactivity.
Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma
Cutaneous (skin) T-cell lymphoma is a rare type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that originates from T lymphocytes and primarily affects the skin. And the symptoms progress slowly and include persistent scaly patches or plaques, skin redness (erythroderma), intense itching, thickened skin, skin tumors or nodules in advanced stages.
Desmoid Tumor
Desmoid tumor is a rare, non-metastasising soft tissue tumor that arises from fibrous connective tissue, most commonly in the abdomen, abdominal wall, or limbs. The cause of the cancer is unknown, but it is linked to abnormal fibroblast growth, with associations to familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), prior surgery or trauma, and hormonal factors.
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL)
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is an aggressive and rapidly growing type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma arising from abnormal B lymphocytes. Symptoms often develop quickly and include painless enlarged lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and abdominal or chest discomfort.
Duodenal Cancer
Duodenal cancer, a rare but clinically distinct tumor of the gastrointestinal tract, accounts for less than 1% of all gastrointestinal neoplasms and 30%-45% of small intestinal cancer. Duodenal malignant tumors consist primarily of duodenal adenocarcinoma, stromal tumors, and neuroendocrine tumors. Symptoms generally include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, and bleeding.
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP)
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is a rare soft tissue sarcoma that mostly affects the trunk and proximal limbs. It develops as a slowly growing, hard, violet-red, or blue plaque. Because DFSP is a slow-growing tumor, the diagnosis is frequently delayed for months or years.
Endometrial Cancer
Endometrial cancer is a cancer that develops from the lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium. It is the most common cancer affecting women's reproductive systems. This cancer is often caused by long-term exposure to estrogen without the balancing effects of steroid hormones. Risk factors include obesity, diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, late menopause, and hormonal therapy. The main symptom is unusual bleeding from the uterus, particularly after menopause, and it may sometimes be accompanied by pelvic pain.
Esophageal Cancer
Esophageal cancer is a malignancy affecting esophagus, most commonly squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma. It develops due to chronic irritation and inflammation of the esophageal lining, with major causes and risk factors including tobacco use, alcohol consumption, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus, obesity, and dietary factors.
Ependymoma
Ependymoma is a rare tumor of the central nervous system that arises from ependymal cells lining the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. This cancer affects children than adults, causing symptoms like headache, nausea, seizures or hydrocephalus.
Eye Cancer
Eye cancer is a rare disease where tumors form in or around the eye. Eye cancer subtypes include:
- Retinoblastoma: A childhood eye cancer caused by genetic mutations; presents with a white pupillary reflex (leukocoria) or strabismus.
- Uveal melanoma: This is also called intraocular melanoma most common primary eye cancer in adults; it arises from pigment cells in the uveal tract and may cause vision changes or visual field defects.
- Primary intraocular lymphoma: An uncommon immune-related malignancy that frequently causes hazy vision and floaters, similar to chronic uveitis.
- Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma: A surface eye cancer caused by UV radiation that shows as a painless, developing tumor on the conjunctiva.
- Basal cell carcinoma (eyelid): The most common eyelid malignancy; slow-growing and usually non-metastatic.
- Sebaceous gland carcinoma: An aggressive eyelid cancer originating from oil glands; often mistaken for chronic eyelid inflammation.
Fallopian Tube Cancer
Fallopian tube cancer is a gynecologic malignancy arising from the lining of the fallopian tubes and is often biologically similar to ovarian cancer, causing symptoms like swollen abdomen, bloating, changes in bowel, loss of appetite, and feeling sick.
Fibrosarcoma
Fibrosarcomas are malignant neoplasms made of fibroblasts that may have varying amounts of collagen production and a herringbone structure. Fibrosarcomas are classified into two types based on their origin: bone and soft-tissue tumours.
Follicular Lymphoma
Follicular lymphoma is a slow-growing (indolent) type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from B lymphocytes in the lymph nodes, causing symptoms like painless swelling around the neck, armpit, and groin, excessive sweating, fever, and weight loss.
Gallbladder Cancer
Gallbladder Cancer is a rare but highly aggressive gastrointestinal malignancy that often goes undiagnosed until it reaches an advanced stage. The disease begins in the gallbladder -a pear-shaped organ beneath the liver that stores bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver. This cancer causes symptoms like persistent pain in the upper right abdomen, jaundice, loss of appetite, fever, and dark colour urine.
Gastric (Stomach) Cancer
Gastric or stomach cancer refers to cancer that develops in any part of the stomach. It develops due to chronic mucosal injury, with major causes and risk factors including Helicobacter pylori infection, smoking, high-salt or smoked foods, chronic gastritis, and genetic predisposition. Symptoms include indigestion, persistent stomach pain, early satiety, vomiting, weight loss, loss of appetite, and gastrointestinal bleeding.
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)
GIST is a uncommon tumor of the GI tract begins from the interstitial cells of Cajal, most commonly in the stomach or small intestine. It is caused by mutations in the KIT or PDGFRA genes, leading to uncontrolled cell growth. Complaints may include early satiety, abdominal fullness, or discomfort due to mass effect, GI bleeding, or fatigue due to chronic anemia.
Germ Cell Tumors
Germ cell tumors are cancers arising from germ cells, which normally develop into sperm or eggs, and most commonly occur in the testes or ovaries. This cancer can also be classified into:
- Childhood Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors: This is a rare brain tumors arising from misplaced germ cells, commonly affecting the pineal or suprasellar regions and causing headaches, vision problems, or hormonal disturbances.
- Childhood Extracranial Germ Cell Tumors: Germ cell tumors occurring outside the brain in children, often found in the sacrococcygeal region, abdomen, or chest, presenting as a mass or swelling.
- Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumors: Tumors developing outside the ovaries or testes, usually along the midline of the body, such as the mediastinum or retroperitoneum, due to abnormal germ cell migration.
- Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors: Tumors of the ovary seen mostly in adolescents and young women, often presenting with abdominal pain, pelvic mass, or bloating.
- Testicular Cancer: Germ cell tumors of the testes, most common in young adult males, typically present as a painless testicular lump or swelling.
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) refers to a category of rare diseases in which abnormal trophoblast cells develop inside the uterus following pregnancy. Signs of GTD are abnormal vaginal bleeding and a large uterus.
Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent primary malignant brain tumor, which accounts for 16% of all primary brain and central nervous system neoplasms. It is a grade IV astrocytoma, which is a fast-growing and aggressive form of brain tumor. Symptoms generally include chronic headaches, double or blurred vision, changes in mood, and loss of appetite.
Hairy Cell Leukemia
This is a malignancy that affects the blood and bone marrow. Symptoms commonly include fatigue, frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, enlarged spleen, weakness, and unexplained weight loss.
Head and neck cancer
Head and neck cancer is a category of cancers that develop in the oral cavity, throat, larynx, nasal cavity, and surrounding structures. It is mainly caused by tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Under head and neck cancer, hypopharyngeal cancer arises from the lower part of the throat.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary liver tumor. More than 90% of initial liver tumors are hepatocellular carcinomas. The common causes are alcoholic liver disease (ALD), hepatitis B, hepatitis C,and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Hodgkin Lymphoma
This is a cancer that affects lymphatic system marked by abnormal Reed–Sternberg cells. The exact cause is unknown, but it is associated with Epstein–Barr virus infection, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections and immune system dysfunction. Common signs are painless, enlarged lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and itching.
Islet cell tumors
Islet cell tumors, which are also called pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors that arise from hormone-producing islet cells. This tumor can be benign or malignant in nature. Since the pancreas makes different kinds of hormones, some pNETs are classified as functional tumors:
- Gastrinoma: A tumor that forms in cells that make gastrin, can increase stomach acid, causing ulcers and diarrhea (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome); usually in the pancreatic head or small intestine; mostly malignant.
- Insulinoma: A tumor that forms in cells that make insulin, which causes a lowering of blood glucose; usually benign, slow-growing, and can occur in any part of the pancreas.
- Glucagonoma: A tumor that grows in cells that produce glucagon, resulting in excessive blood sugar; usually in the pancreatic tail; mostly malignant.
- Other rare functional PNETs: Other rare types of functional pancreatic NETs make hormones, are hormones that maintain the balance of sugar, salt, and water in the body. It includes VIPomas (Verner-Morrison syndrome) and somatostatinomas; treated similarly to other PNETs.
Inflammatory breast cancer
Inflammatory breast cancer is an rare, aggressive form of breast cancer that spreads rapidly through the lymphatic vessels of the skin. Causing symptoms like swelling and redness of the breast, swollen lymph node, lump in the breast, and peau d'orange (skin that looks like orange peel).
Intestinal cancer
Intestinal cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the small or large intestine, which affects normal digestion and bowel function. It usually develops due to genetic changes in intestinal cells, which may be influenced by factors such as olders age, long-term intestinal inflammation, unhealthy diet high in red or processed meats, smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, family history of cancer, and inherited genetic disorders. Common symptoms are persistent abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits, blood in the stool, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, and anemia.
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia is a rare and aggressive childhood leukemia that primarily affects infants and young children, usually under 2 years of age. Children who have genetic disorder called neurofibromatosis 1 are more at risk.
Kaposi Sarcoma
Kaposi sarcoma, a disease in which cancer cells are found in the skin or mucous membrane that lines the GI tract, is caused by infection from human herpesvirus 8. Commonly seen in people with AIDS or transplant recipients, presenting as purple-brown patches or nodules.
Kidney Cancer
Kidney cancer is a malignancy arising from the tissues of the kidney, most commonly from renal tubular cells. There are three types of kidney cancer:
- Renal cell carcinoma (RCC): The most common adult kidney cancer, originating in the kidney tubules.
- Transitional cell carcinoma: This carcinoma arises in the renal pelvis where the kidney meets the bladder, behaving similarly to bladder cancer.
- Wilms tumor: It is a rare childhood kidney cancer, usually occurring in children under 5 years.
Laryngeal Cancer
Laryngeal cancer is a malignancy of the voice box (larynx). It is mainly caused by tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption, with an added role of HPV infection. Symptoms include persistent hoarseness, voice changes, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and ear pain.
Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer
Lip and oral cavity cancer originates in the lips or the mouth. Tobacco and alcohol use increase the risk. Common signs include a persistent sore or lump in the lips or mouth.
Liver Cancer
Liver cancer is a malignancy that develops from liver cells, most commonly hepatocellular carcinoma. It is caused by chronic liver injury from hepatitis B or C infection, alcohol related liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cirrhosis.
Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is a cancer starts in the lung tissue, most commonly non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The major cause is tobacco smoking, with additional risks from passive smoking, air pollution, occupational exposures, and genetic factors. Symptoms present are chronict cough, blood in cough, chest pain, breathlessness, and recurrent respiratory infections.
Medullary Thyroid Cancer (MTC)
Medullary thyroid cancer is a uncommon type of thyroid cancer that develops from the parafollicular (C) cells of the thyroid, which produce the hormone calcitonin.
Mesothelioma
Mesothelioma is a aggressive cancer that arises from the mesothelium, the pleura (protective lining of the lungs), abdomen (peritoneum), heart, or testes. The primary cause is long-term exposure to asbestos. Symptoms vary by site but commonly include shortness of breath, chest or abdominal pain, and persistent cough.
Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells in bone marrow, causing uncontrolled growth that leads to bone damage, anemia, frequent infections, kidney problems, and high calcium levels.
Nasopharyngeal Cancer
Nasopharyngeal cancer is a rare tumor of the nasopharynx (upper throat behind the nose) that is mostly caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, with risk factors including salted fish, tobacco, alcohol, and heredity. Symptoms may include neck lumps, hearing loss, nasal blockage, headaches, double vision, numbness, or tinnitus.
Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs)
Neuroendocrine tumors are rare cancers arising from hormone-producing neuroendocrine cells, most commonly found in the GI tract, pancreas, and lungs. The exact cause is unknown. Symptoms vary widely depending on hormone secretion and tumor location, and may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, flushing, wheezing, unexplained weight loss, and fatigue.
Oral Cancer
Oral cancer is a malignancy arising from the tissues of the mouth, which affects the tongue, gums, inner cheeks, floor of the mouth, or palate. It is mainly caused by tobacco use (smoking or chewing), alcohol consumption, betel nut use, and HPV infection. Symptoms are non-healing mouth ulcers, red or white patches, mouth pain, and difficulty chewing.
Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is characterised by abnormal cell growth in the ovaries, which usually starts in the outer surface cells (epithelial) and can often be detected late due to uncertain symptoms such as bloating, discomfort, and digestive difficulties. Key risk factors include BRCA gene mutations, family history, endometriosis, and older age.
Pancreatic cancer
This is a cancer that begins in the pancreas. It is a medical condition in which the cells within the body begin to proliferate uncontrollably, most commonly pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. It develops due to genetic mutations, with risk increased by smoking, chronic pancreatitis, diabetes, obesity, advancing age, and family history.
Penile Cancer
Penile cancer is a rare cancer that develops on the skin or tissues of the penis. Risk factors include poor hygiene, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, smoking, and lack of circumcision. It often presents as a painless lump, sore, or ulcer on the penis which does not heal. Early detection improves treatment outcomes.
Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer arises in the prostate gland, is a walnut shape in size organ located below the bladder that produces seminal fluid. Often slow-growing in older men (>50), with risks including age, family history, African ancestry, and BRCA mutations. Early symptoms are often absent; later include urinary frequency, weak stream, blood in urine/semen, or pelvic pain.
Pharyngeal Cancer
Pharyngeal cancer is a form of head and neck cancer that arises in the pharynx (the hollow tube connecting the nose and mouth to the esophagus). It develops due to abnormal cell growth often linked to smoking, alcohol use, HPV infection, poor nutrition, and family history. Patient with pharyngeal cancer has pain or difficulty in swallowing, a constant feeling of something stuck in the throat, sore throat that does not heal, nasal blockage or bleeding (in some cases), ear pain, lump on the neck, and unexplained weight loss.
Rectal cancer
Rectal cancer develops in the rectum's lining (final 6 inches of large intestine), often from precancerous polyps. Individuals at risks are age >50, IBD (Crohn's/ulcerative colitis), family history, low-fiber/high-red-meat diet, smoking. Symptoms generally includes rectal bleeding, changes in bowel habits (narrow stools, constipation/diarrhea), abdominal pain, unexplained weight loss.
Salivary Gland Cancer
Salivary gland cancer is a rare malignancy arising from the salivary glands, most commonly the parotid, submandibular, or minor salivary glands. Common clinical presentations are painless lump or swelling in the jaw, cheek, mouth or neck, numbness in a part of your face, pain in the area of the lump or swelling, and problems swallowing.
Skin Cancer
Skin cancer is a malignancy that develops from skin cells, most commonly basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or melanoma. It is mainly caused by excessive ultraviolet (UV) radiation from. Common symptoms are new or changing skin lesions, non-healing sores, changes in moles (size, colour, shape), itching, bleeding, or ulceration.
Small Intestine Cancer
Small intestine cancer is an uncommon type that affects the small intestine, specifically the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The small bowel/small intestine plays an important role in nutrient absorption, and malignancies in this region can cause severe malnutrition and blockage.
Testicular Cancer
Testicular cancer is a cancer that develops in the testicles, the two small oval organs in the scrotum that produce sperm and testosterone. It most commonly affects males aged 15 to 49, though anyone with testicles can develop it. The seriousness of the disease depends on the cancer type, tumor size, and whether it has spread to other parts of the body.
Thyroid cancer
Thyroid cancer that develops in the thyroid gland, a small gland located at the front of the lower neck that produces hormones regulating digestion, muscles, and heart function. Occurs more often in women than in men. The seriousness of thyroid cancer depends on the type, tumor size, spread to other areas, and a person's overall health.
Thyroid cancer starts in the thyroid parenchymal cells. The majority of instances arise from follicular cells and are classed as differentiated thyroid cancers, which include papillary, follicular, and Hürthle cell tumors, which account for 90-95% of cases. Medullary thyroid cancer, which develops from parafollicular (C) cells, is uncommon, but anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is extremely rare.
Throat Cancer
Throat cancer is the abnormal cell growth in the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), or tonsils. It commonly develops due to genetic changes in cells caused by risk factors such as tobacco use, alcohol consumption, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, long-term irritation from acid reflux, and exposure to harmful chemicals. Symptoms are chronic sore throat, hoarseness or voice changes, difficulty swallowing, chronic cough, neck lump, ear pain, and unexplained weight loss. While early stages of throat cancer may be asymptomatic or have few symptoms.
Urethral Cancer
Urethral carcinoma is a rare disease that starts in the urethra, the tube that drains urine from the body. It often affects persons over the age of 60 and is more common in men, but it is the only urinary tract cancer observed more frequently in women. Symptoms include blood in the urine, difficulty or frequent urinating, and the presence of a lump.
Uterine Cancer
Uterine cancer happens when abnormal cells in the uterus grow uncontrollably. The two primary forms are endometrial cancer, which begins in the lining of the uterus and makes up about 95% of cases, and uterine sarcoma, a less common type that begins in the muscular layer. Common signs include heavier or irregular periods, bleeding between periods, and menstruation that does not finish properly.
Vaginal Cancer
Vaginal cancer is a cancer that can develop anywhere in the vagina, most commonly in women aged 75 and over. It is frequently caused by infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) and can be detected early through cervical screening. The cancer usually grows slowly, and its seriousness depends on tumor size, spread, and overall health.
Vulvar Cancer
Vulvar cancer occurs when abnormal cells grow and multiply in the vulval tissues. It is caused by ongoing changes in the vulvar skin. The main causes and risk factors are HPV infection, long-term vulvar inflammatory disorders, smoking, and older age.
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