Interventional Radiology Hospital in Hyderabad for Interventional Treatment

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are abnormal blood vessel tangles that lead to irregular and unusual connections between the arteries and veins. They commonly occur during a baby's development before birth and can develop anywhere in the body, including the spinal cord, any part of the brain, or its surface. 

Many people do not show any symptoms. However, in some cases, a weakened blood vessel may rupture, resulting in blood leakage into the brain, called a haemorrhage. Other symptoms include seizures, headache, pain, visual problems, etc. Surgery is one of the treatment options to cure this condition.

Aneurysm is characterised by a weakened wall of blood vessels, which leads to an abnormal bulge (enlargement). It is commonly seen in arteries, even though it can occur in any blood vessel of the brain (central aneurysm), aorta, kidney, intestine, neck, spleen and legs. Most often, it affects the arteries of the brain and heart.

The exact cause of aneurysm is idiopathic (unknown), but having conditions such as older age, being male, having a family history, obesity, hyperlipidaemia, genetic factors, smoking and hypertension (major risk factors) can increase the risk of developing this condition. The symptoms that a person may experience depend on which artery is affected by the aneurysm. 

It is also called as Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome. Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a congenital(inborn) genetic disorder affecting blood vessels. It is characterised by the improper development of blood vessels. Sometimes, it causes bleeding called arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). 

In the HHT condition, a person may present without capillaries (tiny blood vessels that connect the arteries and veins for passing the blood), which easily leads to the rupture of the arteries and veins. It is a genetic condition caused by a faulty gene (inherited from parents). Symptoms of this condition include regular nosebleeds and visible red spots in some places on the body.

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is characterised by the buildup of fatty (cholesterol) deposits in the arteries of arms or legs, resulting in decreased blood supply to the leg muscles. It is commonly caused by the blockages of arteries in the heart (atherosclerosis) or plaque buildup.

A common symptom of this illness is pain, discomfort, or cramps in the legs while walking or exercising, which goes away after a few minutes of rest. Other symptoms include a colour change (paler than usual or blue), numbness or weakness in the legs, and colder feet. Older age, family history and genetics, smoking, stress, metabolic syndrome, thrombocytosis, obesity, and high blood pressure can increase the risk of developing PAD.

Uterine fibroids are the growths that form in the uterus. A Woman's uterus is made up of muscle. Fibroids originate from the muscle, bulging from outside or inside the uterus. They are prevalent and non-cancerous, but they may become cancerous.

The exact cause is idiopathic (unknown). Hormones and genetics might be the cause. Most fibroids are minor (small in size) and do not cause any symptoms. However, some women may show symptoms such as increased menstrual bleeding, pelvic pressure and pain, menstrual clots that last longer than usual, increased urination and painful sex.

Pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) is characterised by long-term (chronic) pelvic pain that lasts for three-six months, which is not related to pregnancy or menstruation in a woman of reproductive age.

Women in the age group (20 to 45) and women who have given birth more than once and have varicose veins (these conditions) can increase the risk of developing PCS. Symptoms of this condition include varicose veins on the upper thighs or butt, pain during sex, bulging veins in front of the vagina, stressed or irritable bladder-which makes it hard to control the urine and dull aching pain in the pelvic area and lower back.

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in one or both ovaries. These sacs can contain gas, liquid, or semi-solid material. It can be caused by hormonal factors, endometriosis and infections.

It is estimated that 10 out of 100 women present with this condition. Usually, they do not cause any symptoms. Ovarian cysts show signs when it ruptures; in these cases, symptoms may include pelvic pain, painful sex, urinary urgency, bloating, swollen tummy, heavy periods or irregular periods or lighter periods, weight gain and difficulty conceiving.

A stroke is characterised by the blockage of blood flow to the brain or blood vessel bursts in the brain. Stroke is classified into two types. Stoppage of blood supply to the brain is called ischemic stroke, which causes a shortage of oxygen and nutrient supply. A sudden haemorrhage (bleeding) in the brain is known as a haemorrhagic stroke, which causes pressure on brain cells and leads to damage.90% of the strokes are ischemic, and the rest are haemorrhagic.

Signs of the stroke include weakness, paralysis or numbness on one side of the face or body. Other signs and symptoms include sudden weakness, severe headache, vision problems and trouble speaking and understanding.

Carotid artery stenosis is characterised by the narrowing or blockage of the carotid arteries. These arteries supply the oxygenated blood to the brain from the heart. It can be caused by atherosclerosis. Having diabetes, a family history of stroke, trauma to the neck, high blood pressure, smoking, high cholesterol, and older age can increase the risk of developing carotid artery stenosis.

If left untreated, it can lead to a stroke or stroke symptoms. It is the reason for one-third of all strokes.

Symptoms of this condition include memory loss, confusion, problems with thinking, reasoning and speaking, and numbness or weakness in part of the body or one side. Management of carotid artery stenosis can reduce the risk of stroke.

Intracranial bleeding is a neurological condition referred to as one of the types of strokes; intracranial bleeding is characterised by the bursting of the artery in the brain and causes localised bleeding in the surrounding tissues. Bleeding (haemorrhage) occurs within the brain tissue or between the brain and membranes that cover it or between the skull and the covering of the brain.

It can be caused by several factors, such as head trauma, aneurysm, blood and bleeding disorders, etc. Symptoms may vary based on the location, severity, and amount of tissue affected. Some symptoms include vomiting and nausea, weakness, headache, and paralysis of the leg, arm or face.

The liver is one of the largest organs in the body, has two lobes and is located at the upper right side of the abdomen inside the rib cage. It helps in digesting the food and removal of toxins. Primary Liver cancer is a condition characterised by the formation(growth) of cancerous cells in the tissues of the liver. Secondary liver cancer is a separate condition where the cancer initially develops (grows) in other parts and spreads to the liver.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the main type of liver cancer. It is the third leading cause of death (cancer-related) worldwide, and another main type is called cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer). Signs and symptoms of this cancer include a swollen abdomen and easy bruising, loss of appetite, a hard lump on the right side below the ribcage, weight loss and fever.

Kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs attached to the upper back side wall of the abdomen, protected by a lower rib cage. They act as excretory organs by removing the excess amounts of salt, water and waste products from the body. Kidney cancer, also known as renal cancer, characterised by the development of cancer cells in the tissues of the kidneys. Symptoms include blood in urine, a lump or swelling in the back, tiredness, sweating, loss of appetite and weight loss.

Some conditions increase the risk of kidney cancer, such as smoking, a family history of kidney cancer, obesity, high blood pressure and long-term dialysis for chronic kidney disease.

Cancer is referred to as the unlimited growth of cells. If it occurs in the lungs (bronchi or alveoli), it is called lung cancer, and this type of growth is usually seen in bronchi or alveoli. It starts in the lungs and may spread to the other organs in the body or lymph nodes, and cancer from other organs may also come to the lungs.

Mainly lung cancers are divided into two types: non-small cell (more common) and small cell lung cancer; they grow in different manners. So, lung cancer treatment and symptoms depend on the spreading and stages. Symptoms include coughing up phlegm, wheezing, weakness, loss of appetite and weight loss, chest pain and recurrent respiratory infections. 

A bone tumour is a collection (bunch)of abnormal cells in the bone. Bone tumours can be noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant). Cancerous tumours attack and destroy the body's tissues and spread to other parts, causing new tumours, called metastasis, representing cancer that has advanced to a late stage. Most tumours originating in the bones are benign (they don't spread to other locations). Types of benign bone tumours: Osteochondromas, giant cell tumours, non-ossifying fibroma unicameral, enchondroma, fibrous dysplasia.

Bone cancer is an uncommon cancer that develops in the bones. It can affect any bone, but in most cases, it affects the long bones of the legs or upper arms. Common symptoms include persistent bone pain that worsens over time. Other symptoms are swelling and inflammation over a bone, leading to difficulty in movement if the cancer cells affect near a joint, a bone lump and a weak bone that fractures (breaks) easily than normal bone. Common types of bone cancer include Osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and chondrosarcoma.

Pancreas is a six inches long gland that is pear-shaped that lies between the stomach and the spine. It breaks down food and controls blood sugar levels by making certain hormones such as insulin and glucagon. Pancreatic cancer is a medical condition where cancerous (malignant) cells form in the pancreas. Smoking, being overweight, having a family history of pancreatic cancer, and having a history of diabetes or chronic pancreatitis can increase the risk of developing pancreatic cancer. Signs and symptoms include pain, jaundice and weight loss, but it can be challenging to diagnose early and often requires medical tests and procedures.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a non-cancerous(benign) condition where the prostate can enlarge. It is prevalent among men and is more common among those aged 50 and above. The exact cause of this condition is idiopathic (unknown). Researchers have suggested that benign prostatic hyperplasia may happen due to increased estrogen activity because of decreased testosterone in the blood as men age.

Symptoms include unusual urine colour or smell, frequent urination (eight or more times a day), urinary urgency (inability to delay urination), painful urination or ejaculation, etc. Men with older age, erectile dysfunction, obesity, heart and circulatory disease, type 2 diabetes and family history of benign prostatic hyperplasia can have a higher chance of developing BPH.Treatment options include medications, surgery and minimally invasive procedures.

Obstructive uropathy is characterised by blockages (obstructions) occurring in one or both ureters. Ureters are the tubes that transport the urine from the kidneys to the bladder. An obstructed ureters prevents urine from moving to the urinary bladder and out of the body. If untreated, it can damage the kidneys, which causes pain and risk of infection. It can cause sepsis, kidney failure, or death in severe cases.

It is common in men aged over 60 due to the enlarged prostate (BPH), and other causes include tumours or cysts in the abdominal area that compress the ureter, blood clots, gastrointestinal problems and kidney stones. Symptoms include pain in the abdomen and lower back, fever, nausea or vomiting, difficulty urinating, swollen legs, and recurring urinary tract infections (UTIs).

A kidney stone is a solid object, a pebble-like substance consisting of tiny crystals that can form in one or both kidneys. Usually, substances such as phosphate, oxalate and calcium that dissolve in urine, can become too concentrated and can isolate as crystals. A kidney stone forms when these crystals attach, collecting into a small mass or stone. Kidney stones are in various mineral types, such as calcium, struvite, uric acid, and cystine stones.

Sharp pain in the groin, lower abdomen or in the back or urine in blood are the common symptoms of this condition. If the stone is small enough, it can easily pass through the urinary tract.

Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is characterised by the narrowing of one or both arteries that carry the blood to the kidneys. Renal arteries are the vessels that transport blood from the aorta to the kidneys. One of the major causes of this condition is atherosclerosis. Another cause is the abnormal growth of cells on the walls of the renal artery, known as fibromuscular dysplasia.

Having diabetes, obesity, high blood pressure, a family history of cardiovascular disease, high cholesterol, and older age can increase the risk of developing renal artery stenosis. In most cases, RAS has no symptoms until it progresses, and signs include hypertension, decreased kidney function or both. The major complications of this condition are chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease (kidney failure). 

Varicocele is termed as abnormal dilated (enlarged) veins in the scrotum. Veins distribute blood from multiple organs back to the heart. Usually, the veins have a valve for ensuring the movement of blood in the proper direction. But when the valves of the testicular vein don't work properly, the blood goes back in the opposite direction to the scrotum due to gravity, leading to varicocele.

It is not a severe problem, but it can cause three main issues: scrotal discomfort, impaired fertility or reduced testosterone production by the testis. For this reason, this condition is not usually treated unless one may have one of these problems. It is commonly seen on the left side, and most patients do not show any noticeable discomfort, but it can rarely hurt.

A pulmonary embolism is a blood clot (blockage) that forms in the blood vessels in the lungs. It occurs due to the movement of a chunk (blood clot) from another body part, such as the leg or arms, into the veins of the lung. It restricts the blood flow to the lungs, leading to decreased oxygen levels and increased blood pressure in pulmonary arteries. Symptoms of this condition include sudden shortness of breath, chest pain (which worsens during breathing), anxiety, irregular heartbeat, sweating, and coughing.

Causes of pulmonary embolism include injury to a vein, cardiovascular disease, changes in blood clotting factors (elevated clotting factors due to hormone replacement or some cancers), and blood accumulation due to inactivity from more extended periods such as bed rest or surgery.

Pleural Effusion, or water on the lung, occurs due to fluid collection in the space(cavity) between the chest cavity or pleural cavity and the lungs. Pleura, called thin membranes, cover the inside of the chest cavity or pleural cavity and outside of the lungs. Usually, some fluid is present to lubricate the lungs, which helps expand during breathing. But in some medical conditions, the excess liquid is going to accumulate. This condition can affect breathing. Symptoms of pleural effusion include shortness of breath, fever, dry cough and chest pain (especially when the patient is deep breathing).

It can be caused due to result of some medical treatments and other health conditions such as cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, pancreatitis, tuberculosis, pulmonary embolism, congestive heart failure, open-heart surgery, radiation therapy, and ovarian hyperstimulation.

Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations (PAVMs) is an abnormality in which arteries and veins in the lung get directly connected without the involvement of the capillary system, leading to the direct flow of blood from arteries to venins impairing the oxygen exchange, causing the decreased level of oxygen in the blood. This abnormality usually manifests with symptoms like shortness of breath, cyanosis (bluish skin), recurrent nosebleeds, and fatigue. The treatment strategy usually includes Embolization to block abnormal blood vessels in the lungs. 

Pulmonary hypertension is a progressive lung disease in which blood pressure in the lungs' arteries becomes abnormally elevated. This rise in blood pressure could happen due to the blockage or narrowing in the blood vessels, making it hard for the right side of the heart to pump blood. Some early symptoms can include breathlessness, dizziness, and swelling in the extremities. 

Effective treatment options for pulmonary hypertension may include minimally invasive procedures to improve blood flow, such as balloon angioplasty or stent placement in pulmonary arteries.

Airway obstructions is a condition which indicates the impairment of the flow of air into the lung due the the blockages in the bronchi or treaches, this blockakes can cause due the reasons like build up od scar tissues, infections or the formotion of tumours. some of the early symptoms are shortness of breath to wheezing and coughing. 

Management of airway obstructions includes interventional radiology and a minimally invasive procedure called airway stenting, which relieves blockages in the trachea or bronchi.

Portal hypertension is an increased blood pressure in the veins of the portal venous system. The portal vein is the primary vein that leads to the liver.

When something obstructs or slows the blood flow through the portal vein, it can cause elevated pressure in the portal venous system. Symptoms of this condition include oedema, jaundice, gastrointestinal bleeding, and ascites. The most common cause of portal hypertension is liver cirrhosis.