Trusted Team of Neurologists and Neurosurgeon in Hitech City, Hyderabad

With a prevalence of 48.9% in the general population, headache disorders are among the most prevalent of the nervous system disorders affecting people of all ages, races, and socioeconomic status, but are more common in women. Some headaches can be so incapacitating and detrimental to a person's quality of life that they place a tremendous financial burden on healthcare. The majority of them can be treated without the help of a physician. Nearly 98% of headaches are caused by primary headache disorders like migraine, tension headache, and cluster headache. However secondary headaches are also serious and can be life threatening.

Migraine is a complicated illness with hereditary influences that is defined by episodes of moderate to severe headache, mostly it affects only one side of the head, and is frequently accompanied by nausea, light sensitivity, and other symptoms. The name "migraine" is derived from the Greek word "hemikrania," which was then translated into Latin as "hemigranea," and is a common cause of disability and loss of employment. Migraine attacks can frequently last from several hours to several days. There are various triggers for migraine headache. 

The migraine headaches are developed due to various contributing factors. Nearly 76% of the patients reported triggers; while few are provable there are also other unproven factors which contribute to migraine.

Probable factor:

• Stress in 80% 
• Hormonal changes in 65% during menstruation, ovulation, and pregnancy 
• Skipped meals 57% 
• Weather changes in 53% 
• Excessive or insufficient sleep in 50% 
• Odors in 40% (perfumes, colognes, petroleum distillates)
• Neck pain in 38%
• Exposure to lights in 38% (probable factor)
• Alcohol ingestion in 38% (wine as a probable factor)
• Exercise in 22%
• Sexual activity in 5%

Unproven factors:

• Smoking in 36% 
• Late sleeping in 32%
• Heat in 30%
• Food in 27% (aspartame as a possible factor, and tyramine and chocolate as unproven factors)

Dizziness is one of the most prevalent health issues seen among adults. Feeling lightheaded, faint, dizzy, giddy, unstable, off-balance, or weak can all be symptoms of dizziness. Vertigo is another form of dizziness where the patient feels as if the surroundings are spinning. Diseases that affect the inner ear, such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), migraine, and inflammation of the inner ear balance system, are frequently to blame for dizziness (called vestibular neuritis). In disequilibrium, the patients feel off-balance or wobbly. If the patient is feeling lightheadedness, one of the prime the complaints include: vague symptoms of disconnected feeling with the environment. 

Vertigo is frequently presented in both outpatient settings and emergency rooms. It has been described as a sensation of motion, most commonly circular motion, and is a symptom of vestibular dysfunction (the vestibular apparatus is a group of complex organ systems in the body that is responsible for the sense of balance). Vertigo can afflict people of all ages. It's crucial to distinguish vertiginous symptoms from other types of dizziness, like lightheadedness, which is most frequently linked to presyncope (the swooning feeling which occurs before fainting). Problems in the middle ear is most frequently the culprit in younger people. Due to the risk of falls and the difficulties that can result from them, older people require special evaluation.

An abrupt, uncontrolled electrical disruption in the brain is referred to as a seizure during which the patients’ actions, emotions, feelings, and levels of consciousness may all change as a result. There are various types of seizures which are generally classified as either focal or generalized, based on where and how the abnormal brain activity commences. If the cause of the seizure is uncertain, it may also be categorized as having an undetermined onset.

Epilepsy is typically defined as having two or more unprovoked seizures that occur more than 24 hours apart.

The lack of muscular tone in a portion in the body is known as paralysis which occurs when there is a problem in the transmission of signals between the brain and muscles. It could happen on one or both of sides of the body'. It may either be localised or broad, depending on the situation. Paraplegia is the medical term for paralysis of the lower body, which includes both legs. Quadriplegia is when the arms and legs are paralysed. The majority of paralysis cases result from strokes or accidents such as broken necks or spinal cord damage. 

The sudden onset of the sensation, which is typically painless, is described as itching, skin crawling, or tingling. Most people have at some point in their lives sat with their legs crossed for too long or dozed off with an arm twisted under their head and experienced momentary paraesthesia, sometimes known as "pins and needles." It takes place when a nerve is subjected to prolonged pressure. Once the pressure has been released, the sensation generally subsides. Chronic paraesthesia is frequently a sign of a neurological condition or severe nerve injury which may result from various disorders affecting the central nervous system, such as multiple sclerosis, transverse myelitis, stroke, transient ischemic attacks (mini-strokes), and encephalitis.

A symptom of many different medical diseases, numbness (also known as hyperesthesia) is the entire or partial absence of feeling or sensation in a particular area of the body and is typically the problem with the body's nerves. In serious situations, numbness can have negative implications of the inability to feel pain (hand burning if it is unable to feel the heat of the fire). An underlying illness like diabetes or multiple sclerosis may also cause the condition. The most prevalent causes of hypoesthesia are nerve issues, such as a damaged or compressed nerve.

A brief loss of consciousness known as syncope is typically caused by inadequate blood supply to the brain. Hypotension (low blood pressure) is a common cause due to which the heart cannot adequately pump enough oxygen to the brain. It may be benign (not harmful) or a sign of a more serious disease that could be fatal. Dehydration, excessive perspiration, tiredness, or blood pooling in the legs as a result of changes in body position are among the benign reasons. It's important to identify the underlying causes of syncope, such as bradycardia (slow heart rate), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), or any blockages in the blood flow to the brain.

One of the most frequent reasons for patients to seek emergency care is backache, which can have a wide variety of causes in both adult and paediatric populations, but is typically mechanical or non-specific. Backache can arise from various disorders such as inflammatory disorders (the immune system which is supposed to attack germs invading our body; mistakenly attacks our body's own cells or tissues.), cancer, pregnancy, trauma, osteoporosis (brittle bones due to hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D), nerve root compression, radiculopathy (pinching of the spinal nerves at the root), plexopathy (damage to the brachial plexus), degenerative disc disease, disc herniation (problem with the discs present between the vertebrae), spinal stenosis (tapering of the spaces in the spine), sacroiliac joint dysfunction, facet joint injury, and infection etc. The initial step in the diagnosis of backpain is differentiating between nociceptive pain (mechanical) and neuropathic pain (radiculopathy).

Neck pain, one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal problems, is multifaceted and encompasses both psychological and biological risk factors such as certain neuromusculoskeletal disorders and autoimmune diseases. Long-term stress, a lack of social support, anxiety, and depression are some of the psychological risk factors. It is evidenced that demographic factors like age and sex can affect the occurrence and progression of neck pain.

Myasthenia (myasthenia gravis) is one of the most prevalent autoimmune conditions affecting the neuromuscular junction (the connection between the end of a motor nerve and a muscle). Although myasthenia is largely curable, it can have severe morbidity and even mortality but with prompt disease diagnosis and effective treatment, it can be avoided. The symptoms might be simply ocular (droopy eyelids, double vision, difficulty making facial expressions, problems chewing and swallowing, slurred speech, weak arms, legs or neck, shortness of breath and occasionally serious breathing difficulties) or quite severe, affecting the muscles in the limbs, and the respiratory system. The condition peaks in younger adult women and older males, with the age of onset ranging from childhood to late adulthood.

The majority of adults will experience fatigue at some point in their lives. Fatigue is a feeling of constant tiredness or weakness (physical, mental, or both). Rather than an underlying medical problem, many people experience exhaustion as a result of a combination of lifestyle, social, psychological, and general well-being issues. Even though everyone experiences fatigue occasionally, it disappears after a few restful nights. It may be fatigue if you find it difficult to perform tasks, concentrate, or be motivated at the usual levels despite getting enough sleep, eating well, and exercising. Further symptoms include: headache, dizziness, muscular weakness, slowed reactions and reflexes, impaired judgement and decision-making, moodiness, including irritation, impaired hand-to-eye coordination, appetite decline, decreased immunological response, hazy vision etc. Fatigue can be caused by a variety of factors, including illnesses, unhealthy habits, stress at work, and emotional issues.

Stroke is the second leading cause of death apart from being a major contributor to disability with its highest prevalence in the developing countries. This neurological condition is caused by obstruction of blood arteries leading to the brain. Brain clots disrupt blood flow, by clogging arteries and rupturing the blood vessels, and haemorrhage (internal bleeding) occurs resulting in the ischemia of brain cells (death of cells/tissue due to a lack of oxygen). Depression and dementia also ensue with stroke.

Dystonia is a neurological disease marked by involuntary muscle contractions resulting in slow repetitive and uncomfortable movements/postures associated with uncomfortable tremors or other neurological symptoms. There are numerous types of dystonia, which can affect a single muscle, groups of muscles, or the entire body. While some forms of dystonia are inherited, majority of the causes are unknown. Symptoms may include: 

• A foot cramp or a tendency for one foot to turn or drag, 

• Deterioration in handwriting after writing numerous lines.

• The neck may turn or pull involuntarily, especially in a weary or stressed person.

• Both eyes may blink rapidly and uncontrollably; at times, compelling the eyes to close. etc

In rare circumstances, dystonia might disrupt only one action while allowing others to go normally. A musician, for example, may experience dystonia when playing an instrument but not when typing with the same hand.

Dystonia is caused by a damaged basal ganglion in brain or brain regions that control movement. There may be anomalies in the brain's ability to handle neurotransmitters, (chemicals in the brain). It could also be due to the brain’s interpretation of information and generation of commands. In most cases, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) or other diagnostic imaging reveals no abnormalities.

Tremor is a rhythmic and oscillatory shaking movement of a bodily part with a steady frequency. It is caused by antagonistic muscles (muscles involved in movement) contracting alternately. Tremor is the most prevalent movement disorder. It usually involves the upper limbs, but as the disease progresses, the head and voice (less typically, the legs, jaw, face, and trunk) may be involved. Although it has a minor impact on life expectancy, it frequently causes embarrassment and, in a tiny number of patients, substantial disability. Symptoms are usually progressive and potentially fatal. It could be due to abnormalities in the brainstem (locus coeruleus) and cerebellum. A detailed neurologic examination is necessary to identify the features of the tremor such as distribution, pattern, and amplitude. 

Rigidity (Hypertonia) is a muscle tone disorder which is seen as a symptom of many neurological disorders such as multiple system atrophy (rare condition of gradual damage to nerve cells in the brain), stiff man/limb syndrome (disorder of painful muscle spasms which can be triggered by emotional distress, noise and physical touch), Niemann-Pick disease (a rare, inherited affliction where the patient can’t metabolize fat), spinocerebellar ataxia (progressive, degenerative, neurogenetic disease), Parkinson's syndrome (neurological ailment producing unintentional or uncontrollable movements such as shaking, stiffness with difficulties of balance and coordination), corticobasal degeneration (rare neurological disorder of shrinking of brain areas associated with death of nerve cells), Huntington's disease (congenital disease of the progressive degeneration of nerve cells in the brain causing unintentional or uncontrollable movements such as movement, cognitive thinking). Evaluation of rigidity can be done with servomotors, inertial sensors, a biomechanical and a neurophysiological examination of muscles. 

Spasticity is a medical condition characterised by an unnatural increase in muscular tone or stiffness, impairing the movement/speech and associated with discomfort or pain. Spasticity is generally caused by injury to the nerve pathways regulating muscular action in the brain/spinal cord. It can be caused by multiple sclerosis (a chronic progressive disease characterising blurred vision, numbness, impairment of speech and of muscular coordination, and severe fatigue.), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (A neurological disease with unknown cause characterised by weakening muscles thus limiting physical function due to the, degeneration of nerve cells), cerebral palsy (A congenital neurological ailment due to abnormal brain development and is characterised by disorderly muscle tone or posture and movement) stroke (neurological condition is caused by obstruction of blood arteries leading to the brain), spinal cord damage, brain or head trauma, genetic spastic paraplegias (paralysis of the lower body, which includes both legs), and metabolic illnesses such adrenoleukodystrophy (myelin sheath a membrane which covers the nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain. The myelin sheath is damaged in this genetic neurological disorder), phenylketonuria (phenylalanine is amino acid necessary for body maintenance and the patients of this disease can’t phenylalanine causing nerve and brain damage.), and Krabbe disease (a rare, inherited condition damaging the myelin thus causing neurological issues).

Patients with acute urinary retention find it difficult to urinate as there are problems in emptying the bladder (hollow organ in the lower abdomen) completely due to various underlying health issues. Neurogenic bladder is a broad term of comprising of neurological issues interfering with the operation of the bladder. Neurogenic bladder is can be broadly divided in two types – the bladder may become hyperactive (spastic or hyper-reflexive) or underactive (flaccid or hypotonic).

Wilson disease is a hereditary illness in which the body is unable to remove excess copper, resulting in copper buildup in the brain, eyes, liver, and other organs. High copper levels, if left untreated, can lead to life-threatening organ damage. The symptoms of Wilson disease may vary depending on the problems with liver, nervous system and mental health, eyes, or other organs.

Parkinson's disease is a senile neurological ailment that causes unintentional or uncontrollable movements such as shaking, stiffness, and difficulties with balance and coordination. The symptoms steadily increase over time, with sufferers having difficulty walking and talking. They may also have sleep issues, depression, memory problems, mental and behavioural changes, and weariness. It is caused mostly by decreased levels of dopamine - a neurotransmitter called due to the death or impairment of dopamine-generating neurons (nerve cells).

There are various neuromuscular ailments disrupting the muscle function as a result of nerve and muscle abnormalities. Muscle weakness is the most common symptom of these disorders. Some of the neuromuscular diseases are: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - (A neurological disease with unknown cause characterised by weakening muscles thus limiting physical function due to the, degeneration of nerve cells), botulism (rare and serious ailment toxin from Clostridium botulinum bacteria which attacks the nerves of the body thus causing muscle paralysis, difficulty breathing and even death.), cramp-faciculation syndrome (a peripheral nerve disease, which hastens the neuronal activity of a particular body part especially the legs of the patient who experiences fasciculations - involuntary, chronic muscle , spasms, twitches contractions or cramps), creatine kinase elevation (creatine kinase – an enzyme from the heart muscle, skeletal muscle, and brain which is released into blood stream if any of the aforementioned tissues are impaired), myositis with inclusion bodies (is an degenerative and inflammatory muscle disease with insidious painless weakening of muscle), Lambert-Eaton disease (usually associated with lung cancer, Lambert-Eaton syndrome can also often in patients without cancer in which the connections between nerves and muscles are damaged due to the body's immune system), muscular dystrophy (group of congenital, incurable disorders causing permanent muscle weakness due to reduction of dystrophin – a protein necessary for muscle function. Symptoms include problems with walking, swallowing, and muscle coordination etc), Myasthenia gravis (the most prevalent autoimmune conditions affecting the neuromuscular junction).

An autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks and damages the myelin sheath which surrounds nerves in the spinal cord and brain. The damage disrupts the nerve signals from the brain to other parts of the body. Changed gait, loss of coordination or imbalance balance, fatigue, muscle weakness, muscle spasms, tingling or numbness, especially in limbs.

The study of the electrical activity of live neurons as well as the molecular and cellular mechanisms driving their signalling is electrophysiology. Electrical and chemical signals are used by neurons to communicate with each other. By studying electrical activity with various electrophysiology techniques, physicians understand intercellular and intracellular information.

Memory loss is characterised by extraordinary forgetfulness where the patient may be unable to recall recent events, one or more recollections from the past, or both. It occurs for a brief period of time and then resolve (transient). Alternatively, it may not go away and, depending on the source, may worsen over time. it can be of various causes such as normal ageing, brain tumour head trauma or concussion, stroke, severe brain infection etc. Memory loss might be an indication of dementia impacting the thinking, language, judgement, and conduct. The sign of dementia could be due to various neurological disorders such as:  Alzheimer’s illness (brain ailment that gradually damages memory and cognitive skills, as well as the capacity to do the most basic activities. Most persons with the condition - those with late-onset symptoms - have signs in their mid - sixties.), dementia with Lewy bodies (Lewy body dementia, is one of the most common types of dementia. It's rare in people under 65. It tends to develop slowly and get gradually worse over several years.), frontotemporal dementia (Frontotemporal dementia affects the frontal and the temporal lobes – the front and sides of the brain. Usually, the issues are seen in behaviour and language), progressive supranuclear palsy (rare neurological disorder with issues of vision, speech, balance, movement, and swallowing which is caused by impairment of greater number of neurons over time), normal pressure hydrocephalus (accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles, or cavities, of the brain which occurs if the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid via the brain and spinal cord is blocked causing the ventricles to expand, exerting pressure on the brain), Creutzfeldt-Jakob syndrome (Always a fatal disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob syndrome is caused by an abnormal infectious protein in the brain called a prion. This is a progressive disease and death usually occurs within a year of onset of illness) 

Involuntary blinking or other motions of the eyelids, such as twitching, are symptoms of blepharospasm. Twitching of the eyelids typically resolves itself but if it is chronic, it is blepharospasm. Additionally, some persons have twitching of the face. Disruptions in the electrical activity in the basal ganglia (an important part of brain), could cause blepharospasm. This condition usually occurs in middle-aged adults. Certain drugs may include blepharospasm. It could be a side effect of several drugs treating Parkinson's disease. It can also be a symptom of disorders such as general dystonia, Meige syndrome (unusual type of the neurological illness dystonia characterised by involuntary, repeated contractions of the muscles of the face, particularly the eyes, jaw, tongue, and lower face. Intense pain, such as electric shock, may accompany the spasms), tardive dyskinesia (usually seen in people on long-term antipsychotic treatment, tardive dyskinesia is a movement condition comprising of involuntary, repetitive bodily motions). Wilson's disease (hereditary illness in which the body is unable to remove excess copper). 

Face palsy, a condition where the facial muscles are weak due to injury/ damage or absence of the facial nerve where the patient is affected with immobility od the eyes and/or the lips. While only the bottom half of the face is usually paralyzed, one side of the face is sometimes completely paralyzed, and sometimes both sides of the face are paralyzed.

Those affected by ptosis (drooping of the top eyelid), often come to medical attention complaining of visual impairment and cosmesis. Neurogenic (concerning neurological cause), myogenic (concerning neurological cause), aponeurotic (aponeurosis is a collagenous fibre bundles and fibroblasts in thick connective tissue present in the upper eye lid. Damage to aponeurosis is usually seen in old age), mechanical, and traumatic causes can all contribute to this condition. Prompt care of ptosis involves accurate assessment, diagnosis, and therapy

Neuropathy is a group of disorders that impair nerve function. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system consists of all the nerves which originate from central nervous system. Damage to the peripheral nerves that carry sensations of pain and warmth can lead to a condition known as peripheral neuropathy, which can make it difficult, for a patient to realise that they have been cut or that an infection is setting in. Disturbances of the peripheral nervous system can be manifested in a variety of diseases such as: Guillain-Barré' Strohl Syndrome (acute neuromuscular paralysis), acute ascending neuropathy (weakness, paresthesias, and hyporeflexia), carpal tunnel syndrome, (numbness in the hands from typing too much)

Both benign and malignant tumours and other abnormalities on the brain's bottom, the skull base, or the first few vertebrae in the spinal column can be removed with skull base surgery. Skull base surgery is sometimes performed using an endoscopic technique because of how difficult it is to view and access the region. The nose, mouth, or a tiny incision made just above the eyebrow are all used as access points for the surgical tools during this surgery. Surgeons in the fields of otolaryngology (ear, nose, and throat), oral and maxillofacial surgery, neurosurgery, and radiology may all be needed for this procedure. Some of the growths and conditions which could be treated by skull base surgery are: congenital cysts (cysts that develop from birth), pituitary tumours (cancerous or noncancerous cell growth), meningiomas (noncancerous tumours of the meninges, covering the brain which lies between the brain and skull), chordomas (cancerous or noncancerous bone growth at the base of the skull), trigeminal neuralgia (the feeling of excruciating pain only on one side of the face), craniopharyngiomas (cancerous or noncancerous bone growth occurring at the pituitary gland).

Spinal disorders result from a wide range of pathological processes, but symptoms and impairment are typically the result of neural component impingement and/or spinal segment instability. It is the primary purpose of surgery to relieve pressure on the nerves and spinal cord and to stabilise the movable bones. The goal of modern treatments, such as artificial disc replacement, is to preserve the space between spinal bones by restoring mobility where it was lost. The use of bone graft substitutes and osteoinductive agents may also help increase fusion rates and decrease morbidity. The operational treatment of spinal illnesses will be advanced thanks to the findings of current and future investigations. Few of the spinal disorders include adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (an abnormal spine curvature appearing either in adolescence or in late childhood), adult spinal deformities (deformities of the lumbar or thoracolumbar spine in adults), ankylosing spondylitis (an inflammatory disease of in which the patient experiences a gradual fusion of the vertebrae (bones in the spine) making it less flexible and resulting in a hunched posture).

The illnesses of the neurological system that cause either excessive movement or abnormally sluggish movement, and are collectively known as movement disorders. These actions might be voluntarily performed or completely unconscious. The following are examples of common movement disorders:  Parkinson’s disease (neurological ailment producing unintentional or uncontrollable movements such as shaking, stiffness with difficulties of balance and coordination), Huntington's disease (congenital disease of the progressive degeneration of nerve cells in the brain weakening the functional abilities such as movement, cognitive thinking), ataxia (muscle control problems causing uncoordinated movement. Patients suffering from ataxia has similar symptoms of being such as slurred speech, stumbling, incoordination and falling) etc.

In order to treat conditions including cancer, epilepsy (two or more unprovoked seizures that occur more than 24 hours apart), trigeminal neuralgia (excruciating pain only on one side of the face), and arteriovenous malformations that affect the brain and spine, stereotactic radiosurgery is often performed and it does not require any cuts or incisions, as the X-ray beams are aimed through the patient's skin from different angles. The X-ray beams damage or destroy the DNA of cells in aberrant locations, rendering them incapable of replicating and so shrinking or disappearing. If the therapy is successful, the abnormal tissue will stop growing and eventually become dormant. A robotic arm that rotates around the patient can treat lesions in the spine or elsewhere.

Dementia patients experience loss of cognitive abilities (such as thinking, remembering, and reasoning) due to which a shift in personality could be seen due to their inability to regulate their feelings. One-third of those who reach age 85 may be diagnosed with dementia, although cognitive decline is not inevitable with age. Dementia is uncommon among the elderly, and many people survive well into their 90s and beyond. There are many different kinds of dementia, including: Alzheimer's disease (most common among the elderly), vascular dementia (similar to Alzheimer's disease where the damaged blood vessels of the brain can’t transfer blood and oxygen supply to the brain), mixed dementia (coexisting of two or more forms of dementia) etc.

Similar to how the parts of the body are prone for infection, the brain is also vulnerable to infectious diseases caused by protozoa or parasites etc. Spongiform encephalopathies are a type of neurological diseases brought on by prions (a type of protein which makes the other normal proteins to fold abnormally in the brain. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is the most common form of prion disease). When an infection affects the brain, it usually spreads to the spinal cord. In very rare cases when the infection manages to spread to either brain or spinal cord or both, it can result in devastating effects with far worse repercussions than they would have been if it occurred in other parts of the body. Inflammation of the brain due to infection is a real possibility (encephalitis). The vast majority of cases of encephalitis are caused by viruses. Meningitis occurs when the protective membranes (meninges) around the brain and spinal cord are inflamed due to an infection. In meningoencephalitis the infection spreads to the brain and the membranes that surround it. Most cases of encephalitis and meningitis involve systemic infection rather than localised disease. Boils-like abscesses (a swollen body tissue with pus accumulation) can also develop in the brain. Brain cysts can be caused by several microorganisms, including fungi (like aspergilli), protozoa (like Toxoplasma gondii), and parasites (like Taenia solium, the pig tapeworm). These focused brain infections are caused by a group of microbes that have formed a barrier around themselves. 

Muscle atrophy (muscle thinning) could be for various reasons and neurogenic muscle atrophy is one of the most severe forms of atrophy which could be from damage to or illness of a nerve that supplies the affected muscle such as: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (a neurological disease with unknown cause characterised by weakening muscles thus limiting physical function due to the, degeneration of nerve cells), single-nerve injuries, such as those that cause carpal tunnel syndrome (numbness in the hands from typing too much), Guillain-Barré Syndrome (acute neuromuscular paralysis), damage to the spinal cord and the disorders of the nervous system brought on by trauma, diabetes, poisons, or alcohol. 

Encephalitis is the condition where the brain gets inflamed which could be a resultant of a direct viral infection or of exposure to another infectious agent, or due to vaccination. The patient may feel tired, numb, or bewildered as a result of a fever, headache, or seizure. It could cause extreme tiredness, eventually coma and death. Spinal taps and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain are basic procedures for diagnosis. It is possible for the immune system to mistakenly kill normal brain cells in response to an infection, vaccination, cancer, or other disease that affects the brain (an autoimmune reaction). Since the proteins in myelin are similar to those in the virus, they are sometimes attacked by the immune system in cases of autoimmune encephalitis. This causes a significant slowing in nerve impulse transmission.

Neurogenic myopathies are primary nervous system illnesses that result in denervation of the target muscle. The probable causes range from acute traumatic injuries to chronic compression, as well as neurodegenerative, inflammatory, metabolic, and neoplastic diseases.

Tuberculous meningitis is an infection of the brain and spinal cord tissues (meninges)which is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is also responsible for tuberculous. These germs enter the brain/spine through another part of the body, most often the lung. The symptoms usually include: chills and fever, changes in mental state, vomiting and nausea, light sensitivity (photophobia), extensive headache, stiff neck (meningismus) etc. 

Bell's palsy is an inexplicable bout of facial muscle weakness or paralysis that occurs suddenly and develops over 48 hours which is generally caused by a facial nerve injury (the 7th cranial nerve). This condition is particularly common in pregnant women and patinet who have diabetes, influenza, a cold, or any upper respiratory infection. Men and women are equally affected by Bell's palsy. It is common before the age of 15 and after age of 60. Pain and discomfort are more commonly felt on one side of the face or head. The exact cause of Bell's palsy is unknown, but it is understood that it is caused by inflammation of the nerve that controls facial movement, which is caused by the body's immune system.

The term "cerebro" refers the brain, while "vascular" refers to the arteries and veins. It is critical for good health that blood flows freely to the brain. When that flow is disrupted, ischemia occurs (death of neurons) resulting in inflammation and brain damage. Cerebrovascular surgery is done on the blood arteries that provide blood to the brain by a neurosurgeon. It is a therapy for a variety of blood vessel problems and illnesses. It is also known as "neurovascular surgery" and "cerebrovascular neurosurgery." A cerebrovascular surgeon can undertake surgeries to assist treat vascular disorders in the brain or spine, such as: addressing blood flow limitations, burst blood vessels, clots, aneurysms (abnormally ballooning in the wall of a blood vessel), haemorrhages (internal bleeding dur to rupture of blood vessel), vascular malformation (a form of birthmark or growth made up of blood vessels that can create functional or aesthetic difficulties.), vascular brain tumour (a tumour generated by an increased in blood vessel development in the spinal cord or brain), cavernous anomalies (collection of swollen and irregularly shaped tiny blood vessels (capillaries) in the central nervous system), carotid artery stenosis (hardening of carotid artery which brings oxygen and nutrients to brain), carotid cavernous fistulas (an improper connection between the carotid artery/ its branches and the cavernous sinus - a vein), strokes (blockage of blood to brain). 

It is the medical speciality dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of patients suffering from injuries, diseases/disorders, of the spinal cord, the brain, the spinal column, as well as peripheral nerves (nerves which arise throughout the brain and spinal cord). Neurosurgical treatment includes both adult and paediatric patients. A neurological surgeon may give surgical and/or non-surgical treatment depending on the type of the damage or condition.