Complete Care for All Oncological Diseases & Disorders

Comprehensive Oncological Diseases & Disorders

PACE Hospitals offers specialised care for multiple oncology conditions, supporting patients through diagnosis, treatment, and recovery with a patient-centred approach.

Head & Neck Cancers

Oral Cancer
Oral cancer includes the development of cancer cells in the mouth and back of the throat. It can occur on the tongue, under the tongue, at the base of the tongue and on the tissue lining the mouth. Most cancers in the mouth are associated with alcohol consumption, smoking (tobacco use) or both and human papillomavirus (HPV) -(most common throat cancer) and other causes include age (most often occurs in over the age group people of 40), sun exposure, poor nutrition. Common symptoms the affected person shows include a white or red patch in the mouth, a lump in the neck, difficulty chewing, swallowing or speaking, pain or bleeding in the mouth, earache, numbness in the tongue or other mouth areas, etc. This cancer can spread easily and quickly, so early identification is essential for effective treatment.

Lip Cancer
Lip and oral cancers usually result from abnormal growth of surface layer squamous cells in the mouth and lips. They are characterised by the formation of cancer (malignant) cells in the lips or mouth and oral cavity. Too much exposure to UV light or sunlight, heavy alcohol consumption, tobacco use and being male can raise the chances of developing lip cancer. Symptoms include bleeding, thickening of the lip, lesion, blister, lump or sore in the lip, discoloured patch on the lip and lip pain or numbness.

Laryngeal Cancer

Laryngeal cancer is a condition in which malignant cells develop in the tissues of the larynx (voice box), most commonly as squamous cell carcinoma. Major risk factors include tobacco use, heavy alcohol consumption, and exposure to harmful substances such as asbestos and coal dust. Common symptoms include persistent hoarseness or change in voice, sore throat, cough, ear pain, difficulty swallowing, and a lump in the neck. Treatment options include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and in some cases targeted therapy or immunotherapy.

Hypopharynx Cancer

Hypopharynx cancer is the type of cancer that is characterised by the development of cancerous (malignant) cells in the tissues of the hypopharynx. The hypopharynx is a (bottom part of the pharynx) 5-inch-long part of the throat that prolongs behind the nose, down to the top of the trachea and oesophagus. Smoking and chewing tobacco products, heavy alcohol consumption, and having Plummer-Vinson syndrome can increase the risk of developing hypopharyngeal cancer. Signs and symptoms of this condition include ear pain and sore throat. Other symptoms include difficulty or painful swallowing, a lump in the neck and changes in the voice.

Nasopharyngeal Cancer

Nasopharyngeal cancer is a cancer in which cancerous (malignant) cells form in the nasopharynx. The pharynx is a 5-inch-long hollow tube that begins from behind the nose and ends where the windpipe (trachea) and oesophagus begin. The nasopharynx (the upper part of the pharynx) presents behind the nose. Nasopharyngeal cancer commonly develops in the squamous cells that line the nasopharynx. Having Asian or Chinese ancestry (Ethnic background), exposure to the Epstein-Barr virus, and alcohol consumption can increase the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. Signs and symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer include a sore throat, trouble hearing, pain or ringing in the ear, headaches, nosebleeds and a lump in the nose or neck.

Pharyngeal Cancer

Pharyngeal cancer is a type of cancer in which malignant cells develop in the pharynx, a muscular tube that connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the trachea and oesophagus. The pharynx is divided into three parts: the nasopharynx (upper), oropharynx (middle), and hypopharynx (lower). Cancer can arise in any of these regions and is classified accordingly.

Oropharyngeal cancer, which affects the middle part of the pharynx (including the tonsils, soft palate, and base of the tongue), is commonly associated with risk factors such as human papillomavirus infection, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and chewing betel quid. Common symptoms of pharyngeal cancers include sore throat, difficulty swallowing, ear pain, a lump in the neck, and changes in voice or speech.

Head and Neck Cancer

Head and neck cancer is a group of cancers that can damage the various parts of the mouth, throat, and other areas in the head and neck. This condition can occur in the oral cavity, throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx), nasal cavity, and salivary glands. They can also begin in the muscles, sinuses, or nerves in the head and neck. It can be caused by human papillomavirus infections, especially HPV 16, radiation exposure, Epstein Barr virus infection, underlying disorders and use of alcohol, tobacco and paan (betel quid). The most common symptom of this cancer includes persistent sore throat, and other symptoms include a lump in the throat, mouth or neck, headache, neck pain, hoarseness, and red or white patches on gums, tongue or inside the mouth.

Salivary Gland Tumours

Salivary gland tumours are characterised by the growth of abnormal cells in the salivary gland or in the ducts(tubes) that drain the glands. Salivary glands are the organs present on each side of the face, which are helpful in making saliva (spit), the lubricating fluid found in the throat and mouth, antibodies, and it has digestive enzymes. Salivary gland tumours can be cancerous (benign) or non-cancerous(malignant). Most salivary gland tumours are non-cancerous(benign), but some are cancerous(malignant). If left untreated, benign tumours can become cancerous over time. Salivary gland cancer is the growth of cancer cells in the salivary glands, where the signs include a lump or trouble swallowing. Usually, the person with this cancer cannot show any signs and symptoms, but it may be found during routine tests or physical or dental examinations.

Chest (Lungs & Nearby)

Lung Cancer

Cancer is referred to as the unlimited growth of cells. If it occurs in the lungs (bronchi or alveoli), it is called lung cancer, and this type of growth is usually seen in bronchi or alveoli. It starts in the lungs and may spread to the other organs in the body or lymph nodes, and cancer from other organs may also come to the lungs. Mainly lung cancers are divided into two types: non-small cell (more common) and small cell lung cancer; they grow in different manners. So, lung cancer treatment and symptoms depend on the spreading and stages. symptoms include coughing up phlegm, wheezing, weakness, loss of appetite and weight loss, chest pain and recurrent respiratory infections.

Tracheal Cancer
It is an uncommon kind of cancer that arises in the trachea, the windpipe that joins the throat and lungs. Adenoid cystic carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are the two most prevalent varieties. Symptoms often include persistent cough, difficulty breathing, wheezing, and coughing blood. Smoking and prolonged exposure to environmental toxins are major risk factors. The treatment plan depends on the size, stage and tumor location, the patient's overall health, and other factors. Tracheal cancer treatments include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and bronchoscopic treatments.

Thymoma and Thymic Cancer

Thymomas and thymic cancers are rare malignant tumours which form in the thymus cells. Thymomas have slower growth and rarely spread over the thymus; thymus carcinoma has faster growth and often spreads to the other body parts, and it is not easy to treat. The exact cause of thymoma and thymic cancer is not understood fully, and research is ongoing to find any link between viruses, heredity and other cancers. Most people don't show any noticeable symptoms in the early stages, but they show the signs when the tumour affects the organs in the chest area. Common symptoms of these cancers include chest pain, hoarse voice, trouble breathing, persistent cough and lack of appetite.

Chest Wall Cancer

The chest wall is the cavity (place) where the heart, lungs and liver are protected. Some tumours (growths) can originate from this place or spread elsewhere. This tumour may be cancerous or noncancerous; only 60% of tumours are cancerous. Any age group of people can get this cancer. However, older people have a high risk of developing cancerous tumours. Signs and symptoms of this condition include a feeling of lump, fever and malaise, troubling movement, pain, swelling, tenderness, muscle atrophy, and sudden weight loss. The important note is that signs and symptoms are not visible until the tumour is in progressed condition, and they can depend on the tumour type. The exact cause of this condition still needs to be understood clearly.

Mesothelioma

Mesothelioma is a type of cancer that forms in the tissue layers covering the outer surface of some body organs called mesothelium and is commonly associated with asbestos exposure. Primarily affecting the lining of the lungs (pleural mesothelioma), this cancer can also impact other organs such as the stomach, heart, or testicles. It is more commonly diagnosed in men who are over the age of 75. Symptoms depend on where cancer attacked, such as lungs (chest pain, a persistent cough, shortness of breath, clubbed fingertips) and stomach include (feeling sick, tummy pain, unexplained weight loss, diarrhoea or constipation).

Digestive System Cancers

Anal Cancer

Anal cancer is a type of cancer where the cancerous (malignant)cells form in the tissues of the anus. Anus is present at the end of the large intestine and below the rectum, where stools (solid waste) leave the body. Two ring-like muscles known as sphincter, which close and open the anal opening, let the stool pass out of the body. The skin around the outside of the anus is called the perianal area. Anal cancer may develop in any part of the anus. Signs and symptoms of this cancer include a change in bowel habits, a lump near the anus, bleeding from the anus or rectum, and pain or pressure in the area around the anus. Most of these cancers are caused by Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.

Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer occurs in the tissues of the colon or rectum, which are called colorectal or colon or rectal cancer, depending on where they begin to grow. The colon is called the large intestine or large bowel, where the rectum is a passageway connecting the colon with the anus. Colon and rectal cancer frequently group together because of common features. Colorectal cancer starts as a polyp in the rectum or colon. Over time, these polyps can turn into cancer. Diagnosing and removing them can prevent colorectal cancer. Early diagnosis is key in preventing cancer.

Stomach Cancer

Stomach (gastric) cancer is an uncommon form of cancer that develops in the lining of the stomach. The stomach plays a crucial role in digesting food and is part of the digestive tract, a long, twisting tube of hollow, muscular organs that run from the mouth to the anus. Initially, these cancer symptoms are vague, and it is easy to mistake them for other health conditions such as heartburn, persistent indigestion, persistent stomach pain, and feeling full. Other advanced cancer symptoms include loss of appetite, blood in stools and weight loss.

Oesophageal Cancer

Oesophageal cancer is a type of cancer characterised by the development of cancerous (malignant cells) in the tissues of the oesophagus. The oesophagus is the muscular hollow tube that helps move liquid and food from the throat to the stomach. Oesophageal cancer starts on the lining of the oesophagus; as it grows, it will spread outward through another layer. Smoking, older age, Barrett oesophagus and heavy alcohol consumption can raise the risk of this cancer. Signs and symptoms include weight loss, difficulty or painful swallowing, hoarseness and heartburn and a lump under the skin.

Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer is a medical condition where cancerous (malignant) cells form in the pancreas. The pancreas is a six-inch-long gland that is pear-shaped and lies between the stomach and the spine. It breaks down food and controls blood sugar levels by making certain hormones. Smoking, being overweight, having a family history of pancreatic cancer, and having a history of diabetes or chronic pancreatitis can increase the risk of developing pancreatic cancer. Signs and symptoms include pain, jaundice and weight loss, but it can be challenging to diagnose early and often requires medical tests and procedures.

Liver Cancer

Liver cancer is a disease in which malignant cells develop in the tissues of the liver. Primary liver cancer begins in the liver, while secondary liver cancer occurs when cancer spreads to the liver from other parts of the body. Liver cancer is a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Common symptoms include loss of appetite, weight loss, abdominal swelling, a hard lump under the right ribs, fever, easy bruising, and jaundice.

Gallbladder Cancer

Gallbladder cancer is an uncommon (rare) form of cancer where cancer cells form in the tissues of the gallbladder. The gallbladder is an organ that is pear-shaped and lies under the liver in the abdomen, and it stores a fluid called bile (made by the liver) to digest fat. This cancer begins in the inner layer of the gallbladder and multiplies and spreads to the outer layer of the gallbladder as it grows. Jaundice, fever, and pain are common symptoms of gallbladder cancer, which can be difficult to diagnose as it looks like symptoms of other medical illnesses.hat site visitors who are interested get more information. You can emphasize this text with bullets, italics or bold, and add links.

Cholangiocarcinoma (Bile Duct Cancer)

Cholangiocarcinoma, also called bile duct cancer, is an uncommon (rare), aggressive form of cancer that develops in the bile ducts, a network of tubes that transports bile to the small intestine from the liver. Jaundice, which is the yellowing of the skin and eyes, along with symptoms such as itching, weight loss, fever, abdominal pain, and light-coloured stools or dark urine, can indicate bile duct cancer. Treatment options usually involve a combination of chemotherapy or radiation therapy and surgery.

Urinary & Male Reproductive Cancer

Kidney Cancer

Kidney cancer, also known as renal cancer, is characterised by the development of cancer cells in the tissues of the kidneys. Kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs attached to the upper back side wall of the abdomen, protected by a lower rib cage. They act as excretory organs by removing the excess amounts of salt, water and waste products from the body. Some conditions increase the risk of kidney cancer, such as smoking, a family history of kidney cancer, obesity, high blood pressure and long-term dialysis for chronic kidney disease. Symptoms include blood in urine, a lump or swelling in the back, tiredness, sweating, loss of appetite and weight loss.

Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer is a condition where abnormal cells start growing inside the bladder. It most commonly affects older adults and is often first noticed when there is blood in the urine, even without pain. Some people may also feel a frequent urge to urinate, burning while passing urine, or difficulty emptying the bladder. Smoking is the biggest risk factor, but it can also occur in non-smokers. The good news is that when bladder cancer is found early, it is often highly treatable.

Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is a condition where abnormal cells grow in the prostate, a small gland in men located below the bladder that helps produce semen. It is one of the most common cancers in men, especially after the age of 50. In the early stages, it often causes no symptoms, which is why regular check-ups are important. As it progresses, some men may notice difficulty in passing urine, a weak urine stream, frequent urination (especially at night), or sometimes blood in urine or semen. The exact cause is not always known, but age, family history, and lifestyle factors can increase risk. 

Penile Cancer

Penile cancer is an uncommon cancer where abnormal cell develops uncontrolled in the penis of the male. It can grow anywhere in the penis, but it is commonly seen under the foreskin of the penis. Penis is an essential part of the male reproductive system. The exact cause is idiopathic (unknown), but having human papillomavirus and smoking can increase the risk of developing penile cancer. It is commonly seen in men over 50. Signs and symptoms include a growth or sore on the penis, a foul smelly discharge, a rash on the penis, and a change in the skin colour of the penis.

Female Reproductive Cancers

Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the cervical cells. Usually, this cancer develops slowly, and before the cancer begins in the cervix, the cells go through specific changes known as cervical dysplasia, where the abnormal cells start appearing in the cervix's tissue. If it is not removed or destroyed, it may cause cancerous cells to grow and spread in the cervix. The most common cervical cancer cause is a long-lasting infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). People who start having sex before age 18 or within a year of the first period, have a weak immune system, cigarette smoking, use birth control pills, have sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and have multiple sexual partners have an increased risk of getting this condition. Symptoms include painful sex, unusual vaginal bleeding and unusual vaginal discharge.

Endometrial Cancer

Endometrial cancer (uterus cancer) is the most common gynaecological cancer. It begins in the inner lining of the uterus called the endometrium. It is curable if it is diagnosed in the early stages. Being obese and having metabolic syndrome may increase the risk of endometrial cancer. Signs and symptoms include painful sex, painful urination, abnormal vaginal bleeding, which is not related to the menstrual periods, post-menopausal bleeding and pain in the pelvis.

Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer is a condition where cells in the ovary grow abnormally and develop into a tumour. If not detected early, the cells can spread to surrounding tissues and other areas of the body. It commonly affects women who are 50 or older. Symptoms include pelvic pain or pressure, bloating, vaginal bleeding or discharge, difficulty eating, urgency to urinate, and abdominal or back pain. The exact cause is not understood completely, but studies have shown that having a family history of ovarian or breast cancer, older age, obesity, a history of breast cancer, and undergoing hormonal replacement therapy can increase the risk.

Vaginal Cancer

Vaginal cancer is a rare type of cancer that starts in the vagina, the tube that connects the cervix (opening of the uterus) to the outside of the body. It is more common in older women, but it can occur at any age. In the early stages, it may not cause any symptoms. As it develops, women might notice unusual vaginal bleeding (especially after menopause or between periods), abnormal discharge, pain during intercourse, or a lump or discomfort in the vaginal area. Infection with HPV (a common virus) is an important risk factor

Vulvar Cancer

Vulvar cancer is a rare cancer that starts in the vulva, which is the outer part of the female genital area (including the lips of the vagina and surrounding skin). It is more common in older women, but it can occur at any age. Early signs are often related to the skin, such as persistent itching, a lump or sore that doesn’t heal, pain, or changes in skin color or thickness in that area. Sometimes there may also be bleeding or discharge. Infection with HPV and long-term skin conditions can increase the risk. 

Fallopian Tube Cancer

Fallopian tube cancer is a similar type of ovarian cancer. It develops in the fallopian tubes, which connect the ovaries to the uterus. The exact cause of this condition is not known(idiopathic). Some possible risks are having a family history of breast or ovarian cancer. Symptoms of fallopian tube cancer might include a swollen abdomen, a watery vaginal discharge that may present with blood, abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding not related to menstruation, and a lump or swelling in the lower abdomen.

Skin Cancers

Melanoma

Melanoma is a type of skin cancer in which malignant cells develop from melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells responsible for skin colour. The skin is the largest organ of the body and provides protection against injury, infection, sunlight, and temperature changes. It also helps regulate body temperature and is involved in vitamin D production. Skin cancer usually begins in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. Melanoma often appears as a new mole or a change in an existing mole. Common signs include asymmetry, irregular borders, variation in colour, increase in size, itching, bleeding, or oozing. Melanomas often show multiple colours in the same lesion.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a type of cancer that arises from squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells forming the outer layer of the skin and lining of many internal organs such as the respiratory and digestive tracts. It is commonly caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, smoking, exposure to carcinogens, and in some cases, viral infections such as human papillomavirus (HPV). SCC typically appears as a scaly red patch, a non-healing sore, or a firm lump. If left untreated, it can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

Brain & Nerves Cancer

Brain Tumour

A brain tumour is a growth of abnormal cells in the brain. These tumours can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and both can cause problems because they take up space inside the skull and press on important parts of the brain. Symptoms vary depending on the tumour’s size and location but may include persistent headaches, seizures (fits), blurred or double vision, difficulty speaking, weakness in arms or legs, or changes in behavior and memory. The exact cause is often not known. 

Bone & Soft Tissue Cancer

Bone Cancer

Bone cancer is a condition where abnormal cells grow in the bones. It can start in the bone itself or spread from another part of the body. The most common symptom is persistent bone pain, which may get worse at night or during activity. Some people may also notice swelling, a lump, or an increased risk of fractures. It can affect both children and adults, depending on the type. Treatment usually includes surgery, and sometimes chemotherapy or radiation. When detected early, many cases can be treated effectively.

Chest Wall Cancer

Chest wall cancer is a rare cancer that develops in the tissues of the chest wall, including the ribs, muscles, or connective tissues. It may cause a visible lump or swelling on the chest, along with pain or discomfort that may worsen with movement or breathing. Some tumors grow slowly, while others may be more aggressive. Doctors usually diagnose it with imaging tests like CT or MRI scans and a biopsy. Treatment often involves surgery to remove the tumor, and sometimes radiation or chemotherapy. Early diagnosis improves the chances of successful treatment.

Kaposi Sarcoma

Kaposi sarcoma is a cancer that grows from the cells lining blood or lymph vessels. It is characterized by the growth of purple-coloured lesions made of cancerous cells, white and red blood cells, and new blood vessels. These lesions may arise in multiple locations of the body and contain human herpesvirus (HHV-8), called Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), but in most cases, people with HHV-8 do not get Kaposi sarcoma. Still, they can have a risk of developing Kaposi sarcoma if their immune system is weakened by medications that are given after an organ transplant or certain other medical conditions such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Blood Cancers

Leukaemia

Leukaemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow (the soft tissue inside bones where blood cells are made). In this condition, the body produces abnormal white blood cells that do not work properly and crowd out healthy blood cells. Because of this, people may feel very tired, weak, or pale, get frequent infections, bruise or bleed easily, or have a fever and weight loss. It can occur in both children and adults, and there are different types—some develop quickly, while others grow slowly. Treatment depends on the type and may include chemotherapy, targeted medicines, or sometimes a bone marrow transplant.

Hodgkin Lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma is a rare type of cancer originating in the lymphatic system, which is a network of glands and vessels where cancer can divide and spread throughout the body. The lymphatic system is a vital part of the immune system. It is responsible for the movement of lymph (a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells called lymphocytes) through lymphatic vessels, making it an essential part of the immune system. In Hodgkin lymphoma, abnormal multiplication of B-lymphocytes occurs and is collected in specific parts such as lymph nodes of the lymphatic system. The affected lymphocytes can lose the infection-fighting property, making them more vulnerable to infection. The main symptom of Hodgkin lymphoma is a painless swelling in a lymph node, commonly in the neck, armpit, or groin.

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a group of cancers characterised by the uncontrolled growth of malignant cells in the lymphatic system. It includes a wide range of subtypes that vary in behaviour from slow-growing (indolent) to rapidly progressive (aggressive) forms. Risk factors include increasing age, male gender, and conditions that weaken the immune system, such as infections or immunosuppressive therapy.

Common signs and symptoms include painless swollen lymph nodes, drenching night sweats, unexplained fever, weight loss, and fatigue. Diagnosis is made using tests that evaluate the lymphatic system and other parts of the body, including imaging studies and biopsy. Treatment and prognosis depend on the patient’s age, overall health, and the specific type and stage of the disease.

Lymphoma

Lymphoma is a cancer characterised by the formation of cancer cells in the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system compromises the spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and lymph nodes, removes excess fluids from the body and produces immune cells. There are two types of lymphoma, including Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Symptoms include fever, cough, fatigue, weight loss, and swollen glands (lymph nodes), often in the armpit, neck or groin, which are painless. Lymphoma and leukaemia are both different cancers. Each develops in a different type of cell as leukaemia starts in blood-forming cells in the bone marrow, and lymphoma grows in infection-fighting cells of the lymphatic system.

Multiple Myeloma

Multiple Myeloma is a type of blood cancer that starts in the bone marrow, where blood cells are made. It affects plasma cells, which normally help the body fight infections. In this condition, abnormal plasma cells grow uncontrollably and crowd out healthy cells, leading to problems in the body. Common symptoms include bone pain (especially in the back or ribs), weakness, tiredness, frequent infections, and sometimes kidney problems. Some people may also have high calcium levels, which can cause nausea or confusion. Treatment depends on the stage and may include medicines, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or stem cell transplant. While it is usually a long-term condition, many patients can live longer and maintain a good quality of life with proper treatment and follow-up.

Hormone / Gland Cancers

Thyroid Cancer
Thyroid cancer is a type of cancer where the cancer cells develop in the tissues of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is butterfly-shaped, an essential organ of the endocrine system, present at the front side of the neck just above where collarbones meet. It makes the hormones which can control the metabolism. A lump or nodule can appear in a routine medical exam. A thyroid nodule (solid or fluid-filled) is an abnormal development of cells in the thyroid. If a healthcare professional finds nodules, they may conduct an aspiration biopsy to check for signs of cancer.

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