Complete Care Cardiology Diseases & Cardiovascular Disorders in Hyderabad

At PACE Hospitals, we diagnose and manage a comprehensive range of cardiovascular diseases affecting the heart and blood vessels. To help patients easily recognize and understand potential heart-related problems, our cardiology conditions are organized by heart structure, vascular system involvement, and specialty area below. This classification helps patients to quickly identify concerns related to heart conditions, ensuring timely evaluation and advanced treatment by our cardiology specialists.

Coronary Artery Diseases (Ischemic Heart Diseases)

Conditions caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle due to narrowed coronary arteries.

• Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Heart conditions like coronary artery disease are relatively frequent. The coronary arteries, the main blood channels feeding the heart, have difficulty getting adequate blood, oxygen, and nutrients to the heart. Coronary artery disease is caused by plaques buildup in the heart's arteries as well as inflammation. Heart attacks and chest pain are possible indications of coronary artery disease.
• Angina: When your heart doesn't get enough oxygen-rich blood, angina develops as chest pain or discomfort. As a result, your heart may beat more rapidly and forcefully to pump more blood, giving you a painful sensation. Angina is not an illness. It is a sign and symptom of cardiac disease. Your chest may feel tight, painful, or pressured when you have angina. The heart muscle receives less blood, which leads to angina.
• Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction): The Heart attack (Myocardial infarction) occurs when the blood flow which supplies oxygen to the heart muscle is significantly lowered or entirely stopped. This occurs when the coronary arteries, which carry blood to the heart muscle, constrict due to an accumulation of fat, cholesterol, and other compounds collectively known as plaque. The primary factor for heart attacks is coronary artery disease (CAD). Chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, and pain or discomforts in one or both arms or shoulders are the main signs and symptoms of a heart attack.
• Atherosclerosis: The steady accumulation of plaque in the artery walls is known as atherosclerosis. The thickening or hardening of the arteries is referred to as atherosclerosis. The inner lining of an artery develops plaque, which is the root of the problem. It is unclear exactly how or what causes atherosclerosis to develop. However, the inner of the artery's walls gradually thickens or accumulate plaque as a result of inflammation. As a result, the important body organs and extremities receive less blood and oxygen.
• Small Blood Vessel Disease (Coronary Microvascular Disease): Small blood vessel disease (SVD) is a condition that affects the small arteries and capillaries in the body. As a result, the heart receives less oxygen-rich blood, which can result in chest pain (angina), shortening of breath, and other heart disease symptoms. Small vessel Disease may also know as Coronary microvascular disease (or) Microvascular endothelial dysfunction. These vessels carry oxygen-rich blood to the tissues, and when they are damaged, it can lead to a variety of health problems, including heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease. The exact cause of SVD is unknown, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Small blood vessel disease (SVD) can make it harder for the heart to push blood to remaining part of the body. A possible obstacle of small vessel disease is a heart attack. SVD can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the affected organs.

Heart Failure and Pumping Disorders

Conditions in which the heart cannot pump blood effectively to meet the body's needs.

• Heart Failure: Congestive heart failure or Heart failure is the chronic condition in which your body cannot get enough blood pumped by your heart to meet its needs. Frequently, blood clots result in fluid accumulation in the legs and lungs. Blood accumulates in other sections of your body because it can't handle the volume of blood it should. Cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, and heart attack are all results of heart failure.
• Cardiogenic Shock (Cardiac Shock): Cardiac shock is a severe, life-threatening condition that occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body’s requirements. It most commonly follows a major heart attack but can also result from severe heart failure or rhythm disturbances. Patients may develop very low blood pressure, confusion, reduced urine output, and organ failure. Immediate emergency treatment in an intensive care unit is important to restore blood flow and support heart function.
• Cardiomegaly: Cardiomegaly refers to an enlargement of the heart, usually detected on imaging tests such as a chest X-ray or echocardiogram. It is not a disease itself but a sign of underlying conditions such as high blood pressure, heart valve disease, cardiomyopathy, or heart failure that cause the heart to work harder and enlarge.

Cardiac Rhythm Disorders (Arrhythmias)

Conditions affecting the electrical system of the heart that control the heartbeat rhythm.

• Atrial Fibrillation: Atrial fibrillation is an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) that starts in the upper chambers of the heart. The regular cycle of electrical impulses in the heart is broken if you have atrial fibrillation. s a result, the heart beats speedily and erratically, and blood cannot flow properly from the upper chambers (atria) to the lower chambers (ventricles). Atrial fibrillation is brought on by alterations or harm to the electrical and structural components of the heart.
• Atrial Flutter: Atrial flutter is a type of abnormal heart rhythm in which the upper chambers of the heart (atria) beat very fast and in a regular pattern. Instead of contracting normally, the atria flutter rapidly, usually around 250–350 beats per minute. Because of this fast rhythm, the ventricles may also beat faster than normal. This condition can cause symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, fatigue, or dizziness. Atrial flutter may occur due to heart disease, high blood pressure, or previous heart surgery.
• Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT): Supraventricular tachycardia is a group of conditions in which the heart suddenly starts beating very fast due to abnormal electrical signals originating above the ventricles. During an episode, the heart rate may rise to 150–250 beats per minute. Episodes can begin and stop suddenly and may last from a few seconds to several hours. People may experience palpitations, chest discomfort, dizziness, or shortness of breath.
• Ventricular Tachycardia: Ventricular tachycardia is a rapid heart rhythm that originates in the ventricles, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. It can reduce the heart's ability to pump blood effectively and may cause palpitations, dizziness, fainting, or cardiac arrest if not treated promptly.
• Ventricular Fibrillation: Ventricular fibrillation is a life-threatening heart rhythm disorder in which the ventricles quiver instead of pumping blood effectively. Because the heart cannot pump blood to the brain and other organs, this condition leads to sudden loss of consciousness and requires emergency treatment. This commonly occurs during or after a heart attack but may also result from severe heart disease or electrical disturbances in the heart. 
• Bradycardia: Bradycardia refers to a heart rate that is slower than normal, usually fewer than 60 beats per minute in adults. It can occur due to problems with the heart’s electrical system, certain medications, aging, or underlying heart disease. When the heart beats too slowly, the body may not receive required amount of oxygen-rich blood. Patient generally experiences fatigue, dizziness, fainting, or shortness of breath. 
• Sick Sinus Syndrome: Sick sinus syndrome is a disorder of the heart’s natural pacemaker, known as the sinus node, which controls the normal heartbeat. In this condition, the sinus node does not function properly and may cause the heart to beat too slowly, pause between beats, or alternate between slow and fast rhythms. It commonly affects older adults and may be associated with heart disease or age-related changes in the heart’s electrical system. 
• Heart Block (AV Block): Heart block is a condition in which the electrical signals that control the heartbeat are slowed or interrupted as they travel from the upper chambers (atria) to the lower chambers (ventricles). This leads to a slow or irregular heartbeat, causing symptoms such as dizziness, weariness, or fainting. Mild cases may only require monitoring, while severe heart block often needs treatment with a pacemaker to maintain a normal heart rhythm.
• Bundle Branch Block: Bundle branch block occurs when the electrical signals that control the heartbeat are delayed or blocked along one of the pathways that conduct impulses through the heart’s ventricles. This disruption can cause the heart to beat in a less coordinated manner. The condition may affect either the right or left bundle branch. It may occur due to heart disease, heart attack, or structural abnormalities in the heart. 
• Long QT Syndrome: Long QT syndrome is a disorder of the heart’s electrical system in which the time required for the heart to recharge between beats is prolonged. This abnormality can be seen on an electrocardiogram as a prolonged QT interval. It may be inherited or acquired due to certain medications, electrolyte imbalances, or medical conditions.
• Short QT Syndrome: Short QT syndrome is a rare inherited heart rhythm disorder characterised by an unusually short QT interval on the electrocardiogram. This abnormality causes the heart to recover too quickly between beats, which can lead to dangerous arrhythmias. Because the disorder is genetic, it may affect multiple family members. 
• Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA): Sudden cardiac arrest is a serious condition in which the heart suddenly stops beating effectively due to a severe electrical disturbance. This leads to sudden loss of consciousness, absence of pulse, and stopped breathing. Sudden cardiac arrest is often caused by dangerous arrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation. Immediate treatment with CPR and defibrillation is critical for survival. 
• Premature Atrial Contractions (PACs) and Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs): Premature contractions are early heartbeats that occur before the next normal heartbeat. Premature atrial contractions originate in the atria, while premature ventricular contractions originate in the ventricles. These early beats may create the sensation of a skipped or extra heartbeat. PACs and PVCs are common and often harmless in healthy individuals. They may occur due to stress, caffeine, smoking, lack of sleep, or certain medications. 

Cardiomyopathies (Heart Muscle Diseases)

Diseases affecting the structure and function of the heart muscle.

• Cardiomyopathy: Cardiomyopathy is a condition that impacts on the heart muscle and makes it more hard for the heart to push blood to the whole body. Heart failure may result from cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy has a lot to do with viral infections of the heart. In certain circumstances, cardiomyopathy is brought on by another illness or its treatment. This could include complex congenital cardiac condition, malnutrition, uncontrollable, rapid heartbeats, or specific kinds of chemotherapy for cancer. Cardiomyopathy occasionally has a genetic abnormality associated with it.
• Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM): Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a disease in which the heart muscle becomes thickened abnormally, making it harder for the heart to pump blood. It is usually inherited and may cause symptoms such as chest pain, breathlessness, palpitations, or fainting, especially during physical exertion. Some individuals are asymptomatic, but the condition can elevate the risk of serious heart rhythm disturbances and sudden cardiac death.
• Cardiac Amyloidosis: An aberrant protein (amyloid) accumulates in the heart tissue, resulting in the condition known as cardiac amyloidosis. The heart has difficulty functioning correctly because of these deposits. Amyloidosis is a set of illnesses in which amyloid protein clumps accumulate in body tissues. As a result of these proteins gradually replacing healthy tissue, therefore the involved organ fails. There are several variations of amyloidosis. Amyloid deposits that replace healthy heart muscle are said to cause cardiac amyloidosis.
  
  

Pericardial Diseases

Conditions affecting the pericardium (the sac surrounding the heart).

• Pericarditis: Pericarditis is a condition in which the pericardium, the thin sac-like membrane surrounding the heart, becomes inflamed. This inflammation can occur due to viral infections, bacterial infections, autoimmune diseases, heart attack, or after heart surgery. The most common symptom is sharp chest pain that may worsen during deep breathing or when lying down and improve when sitting forward. Other symptoms may include fever, fatigue, and breathlessness. 
• Cardiac Tamponade: Cardiac tamponade is a serious medical emergency that occurs when excess fluid accumulates in the pericardial sac around the heart. This fluid buildup puts pressure on the heart and prevents it from filling and pumping blood properly. This may result from severe pericarditis, cancer, chest injury, infection, or complications after heart procedures. Patient experiences hypotension, rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, chest discomfort, and confusion.

Heart Valve Diseases

Conditions affecting the four heart valves (mitral, aortic, tricuspid, pulmonary) that regulate blood flow.

• Aortic Valve Disease: One form of heart valve illness is aortic valve disease. Aortic valve illness affects the valve that connects the body's major artery (the aorta) to the lower left heart chamber (left ventricle). The aortic valve aids in ensuring that blood travels through the heart in the right direction. The rest of the heart and body receive blood flow may be hampered by a sick or damaged aortic valve. Aortic valve disease may be brought on later in life by age-related changes to the heart, infections, or injuries to the heart, in addition to birth defects of the heart.
• Mitral Valve Regurgitation: The valve between the left heart chambers does not completely close in a condition known as mitral valve regurgitation, which causes blood to seep backward across the valve. It is the type of valvular heart disease that is most prevalent. Insufficient blood will flow via the heart or to the rest part of the body if the leakage is severe. Therefore, mitral valve regurgitation may cause you to feel extremely exhausted or out of breath.

Vascular and Aortic Diseases

Conditions affecting major blood vessels connected to the heart.

• Aortic Aneurysm: An aortic aneurysm is an abnormal enlargement or bulging of the aorta due to weakening of the artery wall. It may develop slowly without symptoms, but it can become life-threatening if the aneurysm ruptures.
  
• Aortic Dissection: Aortic dissection is a severe disorder in which a tear forms in the inner layer of the aorta, enabling blood to flow between the layers of the artery wall. It usually causes sudden, severe chest or back pain and requires immediate medical treatment.
  
• Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD): Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a condition in which the arteries that carry blood to the legs become narrowed or blocked. This can reduce blood flow to the legs and feet, and can lead to pain, cramping, and numbness in the legs. PAD is often caused by atherosclerosis, a buildup of plaque in the arteries. Other risk factors for PAD include smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes. PAD is a serious condition, but it can be treated. Treatment for PAD typically includes lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking, exercising, and eating a healthy diet. In some cases, medication or surgery may be necessary.
• Pulmonary Hypertension: Pulmonary hypertension is a condition in which the blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries becomes abnormally high. This increases strain on the right side of the heart and may cause shortness of breath, fatigue, and chest discomfort.
• Cor Pulmonale: Cor pulmonale is the enlargement and failure of the right side of the heart caused by long-standing lung diseases that increase pressure in the pulmonary arteries. It leads to symptoms such as breathlessness, fatigue, and swelling of the legs.

Inflammatory and Infective Heart Diseases

Conditions caused by infection or inflammation of heart structures.

• Myocarditis: Myocarditis is the inflammation of the heart muscle, most commonly caused by viral infections, though autoimmune diseases and certain medications can also be responsible. This inflammation can weaken the heart and affect the heart's ability to pump blood, leading to symptoms such as chest pain, breathlessness, or irregular heartbeats. Treatment focuses on rest, medications to support heart function, and managing the underlying cause.
• Endocarditis: Endocarditis is an inflammation of the endocardium, which is the internal lining of the heart chambers and heart valves. Frequently it is caused by bacteria. Infective endocarditis is the medical term for the condition where the inflammation is brought on by an infection. Endocarditis symptoms can appear slowly over time and aren't usually severe. The early stages of endocarditis have symptoms that are comparable to many other conditions. This explains why many cases go undetected.
• Rheumatic Heart Disease: Rheumatic heart disease occurs when rheumatic fever permanently damages the heart valves. After an untreated or inadequately treated streptococcal infection, such as strep throat infection or scarlet fever, heart valve damage may begin. An inflammatory state brought on by an immunological reaction can lead to ongoing valve deterioration. Rheumatic fever, an inflammatory condition that can damage numerous connective tissues, particularly in the heart, joints, skin, or brain, is the root cause of rheumatic heart disease. Over time, the heart valves may become damaged and irritated.

Metabolic and Systemic Cardiovascular Diseases

Heart conditions associated with systemic disorders or metabolic abnormalities.

• Hypertension: Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a common condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood. Normal blood pressure is below 120/80 mmHg. High blood pressure is when the systolic blood pressure is 140 mmHg or higher, or the diastolic blood pressure is 90 mmHg or higher. High blood pressure often has no symptoms, so it is called the "silent killer." However, high blood pressure can damage the heart, brain, kidneys, and other organs over time. If high blood pressure is not treated, it can lead to heart attack, stroke, heart failure, kidney failure, and other serious health problems.
• Hypertensive Heart Disease: Chronically elevated blood pressure causes a number of alterations in the left ventricle, left atrium, and coronary arteries, which are referred to as hypertensive heart disease. Myocardial structural and functional alterations are brought on by hypertension, which puts more strain on the heart. Heart muscle can become thick and frail, which could result in heart failure. High blood pressure can also cause the walls of your blood vessels to thicken, which is harmful when cholesterol builds up inside the blood vessels. The risk of a heart attack and stroke increases thereafter.
• Cholesterol and Lipid Disease: Fats are necessary for the body's growth and energy. They are also utilised in the body's synthesis of hormones and other compounds. The body may store extra fat inside the organs and in blood arteries, where it can obstruct blood flow, harm the organs, and frequently result in serious illnesses. Hyperlipidaemia (high cholesterol) that’s not treated can allow plaque to collect inside of your body’s blood vessels (atherosclerosis). This can bring on hyperlipidaemia complications that include:
  
• Heart attack
• Stroke
• Coronary heart disease
• Carotid artery disease
• Sudden cardiac arrest
• Peripheral artery disease
• Microvascular disease