Comprehensive Care for Gynaecological Diseases & Disorders

Gynaecological Diseases and Disorders

At PACE Hospitals, we provide expert care for gynecological disorders that affect women's reproductive and hormonal health. Our experienced team is dedicated to providing personalized, compassionate care using the latest medical technology to ensure optimal health and well-being for every patient.

Menstrual Disorders

Conditions affecting the normal pattern, frequency, or flow of menstruation.

Amenorrhea

Amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual periods during the reproductive age. It is classified into primary and secondary amenorrhea. Primary amenorrhea occurs at the age of puberty with the absence of the first period, and it is caused by elevated follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, hyperprolactinemia, anatomical defects, turner syndrome tumours, endocrine lesions and congenital abnormalities. It is essential to check the pregnancy in the patient who ovulates before their first period. Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of regular menstrual periods for more than six months caused by weight loss, chronic ovulation, ovarian tumours, Cushing syndrome, pregnancy, breastfeeding and stress.

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding, also known as Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB), is characterised by prolonged, excessive, or unpatterned endometrial bleeding. It is caused by certain medications (birth control pills) and hormonal conditions. The most common cause is an abnormality in sex hormones. Medical conditions that cause abnormal uterine bleeding include polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, uterine fibroids, uterine polyps, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Symptoms include heavy menstrual bleeding, bleeding with large clots, bleeding that lasts more than a week, spotting, bleeding between periods, bloating, pelvic pain, and weakness.

Dysmenorrhea

Dysmenorrhea is a painful menstrual period that causes severe cramps and can be categorized into primary and secondary dysmenorrhea. Primary dysmenorrhea occurs during menstruation and is not linked to other medical conditions such as pelvic inflammatory disease or endometriosis. Secondary dysmenorrhea is usually associated with other medical conditions inside or outside the uterus. Common symptoms include low back pain, nausea, cramps, vomiting and pain radiating down to the legs. Dysmenorrhea is a common symptom experienced by women during their reproductive age.

Menorrhagia

Menorrhagia is also called abnormal (heavy) uterine bleeding, which lasts for more than a week. It is mainly caused by the three factors such as uterine-related problems, hormone-related problems and other illnesses or disorders. Signs and symptoms include tiredness, lack of energy, and shortness of breath. The patient may also experience menstrual flow that soaks more than one pad in an hour, menstrual flow with large blood clots, constant pain in the lower stomach during periods, and spotting or bleeding between periods.

Menstrual Irregularities

Menstrual irregularities refer to changes or disruptions in a woman's normal menstrual cycle. These irregularities can take many forms, including changes in the frequency, duration, or flow of menstrual periods. It is important to note that what is considered "normal" can vary from person to person, so an irregularity is often defined by a significant change from a woman's usual pattern.

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common condition in women characterized by mood, behaviour, and physical changes occurring between ovulation and the beginning of the period. It is a prevalent condition that around 48% of women experience PMS in their reproductive age. Symptoms include abdominal bloating, headaches, fatigue, swollen or tender breasts, food cravings, depression, anger or irritability, mood swings, insomnia, and low mood. These symptoms typically resolve on their own within a few days after menstruation begins.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)
PMDD refers to a more severe type of Premenstrual syndrome (PMS). The woman with PMDD has PMS symptoms weeks before the beginning of the period. The cause of this condition is unknown and is referred to as idiopathic. However, some studies suggest it occurs due to the brain's abnormal response to fluctuation (imbalances) in hormonal changes. Symptoms include severe fatigue, forgetfulness, heart palpitations, abdominal bloating, increased appetite, difficulty concentrating, hot flashes and sleeplessness.

Reproductive Health Conditions

Disorders affecting fertility, conception, and the normal functioning of the female reproductive system.

Asherman Syndrome

Asherman syndrome, also called Intra-uterine adhesions, is a rare, acquired illness that occurs due to the formation of scar tissue (adhesions) inside the cervix or uterus. Most people with this syndrome will present with no or few periods. However, some have periods without bleeding or very light bleeding and have pain (due to scar tissue blockage in the uterus, resulting in obstruction of blood). People with this syndrome have difficulties conceiving a baby. It increases the chances of terminating the pregnancy (miscarriage) and stillbirth during pregnancy. It should be treated by surgery called hysteroscopy.

Abnormal Labour

Abnormal labour is a condition where labour progresses slowly or does not progress at all, leading to difficulty in giving birth. It is associated with medical risks such as bleeding after delivery, sepsis, instrumental delivery, emergency caesarean section, admission to HDU/ITU, the need for blood transfusion, and newborn admission to the neonatal unit due to sepsis, acidosis, hypoxia, or birth trauma. Usually, labour occurs in three stages, most pregnant women can deliver the baby by going through these three stages without any problems, but some women may experience this condition during one of the three stages of labour.

Ectopic Pregnancy

Ectopic pregnancy is a gynaecological condition that occurs when the fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, in the fallopian tubes, ovaries, or lower part of the cervix. Usually, it grows in the fallopian tubes. If the fertilized egg gets lodged in them, it won't grow into a baby. If the pregnancy continues, it may lead to bleeding and the risk of rupturing. Usually, ectopic pregnancy in women is asymptomatic. It may be detected only in routine scans. Rarely will some show the symptoms between the 4th and 12th week of pregnancy. Symptoms include vaginal bleeding or brown watery discharge, pain in the shoulder, nausea, vomiting, one-sided lower-down abdominal pain and discomfort while peeing.

Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a long-term condition where tissue resembling the (inner) lining of the womb (uterus) develops outside the uterus, leading to inflammation and scar tissue formation. Worldwide, it affects 10% of women of reproductive age. It affects women's fertility and can cause symptoms like heavy pain during periods, sex, bowel movements, urination, chronic pelvic pain, abdominal bloating, nausea, fatigue, depression, anxiety, and infertility. It affects the woman's fertility. It can start at the woman's first period and last until her menopause.

Female Infertility

Female Infertility is defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy after 12 months of regular unprotected intercourse, or after 6 months in women older than 35 years. It can result from abnormalities affecting different parts of the female reproductive system. Common causes include tubal factors, most often due to infections such as pelvic inflammatory disease, which can lead to blockage or damage of the fallopian tubes. ovarian causes include disorders like polycystic ovary syndrome and premature ovarian insufficiency, which interfere with ovulation. uterine factors such as fibroids, congenital anomalies, and conditions like endometriosis may also contribute. endocrine disorders, including hyperprolactinemia and thyroid dysfunction, can disrupt hormonal balance and affect fertility.

Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is also called recurrent miscarriage or habitual abortion; it is defined as the loss of two or more pregnancies before the 20-24 weeks of gestation from the last menstrual period, with loss of foetuses. It is classified into two types: primary RPL is a pregnancy loss in a woman who never had a live birth, and secondary RPL is the loss of pregnancy in women who had given birth to at least one child. It can be caused by genetic, anatomical, immunological, endocrine, and environmental factors. About half of the patients don't have any known cause, making it challenging to treat.

Pregnancy Sickness (Morning Sickness)

Nausea and vomiting, often called morning sickness, are common during pregnancy, with 70-80% of women experiencing nausea or vomiting. These symptoms usually occur in the first trimester and rarely last longer. They can occur at any time (day and night) and affect day-to-day life. They will usually go away after 16 -20 weeks of pregnancy and do not affect the baby. However, if excessive and severe, it can lead to dehydration and weight loss, a condition called hyperemesis gravidarum that requires hospitalization. Signs and symptoms include dehydration, weight loss, prolonged nausea, and vomiting even after baby delivery.

Placenta Accreta

Placenta accreta is a condition that occurs when the placenta attaches too profoundly to the mother's uterine wall. The placenta is a tissue that connects the mother and baby; it provides oxygen, blood, and nutrients to the baby. Usually, it gets detached and comes out from the mother after the baby's delivery. Generally, three degrees of placental attachment conditions are present. They are placenta accreta (mildest form of attachment), placenta increta (an intermediate form of attachment), and placenta percreta (a most severe form of attachment- grows beyond the uterus wall and attaches to the nearby organs such as the bladder).

Placenta Previa

Placenta previa is a condition in which the cervix is partially or entirely covered. It is the leading cause of postpartum bleeding and can lead to morbidity and mortality for both mother and baby. It prevents normal delivery (vaginal delivery) and leads to the caesarean section. The most common symptoms are bright red bleeding from the vagina, which starts in 2nd half of pregnancy, and mild cramps. The exact cause is idiopathic (unknown); however, some studies found that certain factors, such as advanced mother age, smoking, cocaine use, history of caesarean section, and prior placenta previa, may increase the risk of placenta previa.

Vaginal Birth after Caesarean Section (VBAC)

Vaginal birth after the caesarean section (VBAC) is the medical term applied to a woman who undergoes a normal (vaginal) delivery after the caesarean delivery that happened in a previous pregnancy. In many women, a vaginal birth is possible after C-section (VBAC). Some patients have a higher success rate. VBAC is not always safe for every woman. In the case of vaginal delivery, there may be a chance of getting high-risk complications, which affect both the baby and the mother. So, before normal delivery, someone should discuss the risks and benefits based on the individual health condition. It is too risky to go for VBAC if the patient is obese, has high blood pressure, ages>35 years, has a large fetus, and has had a previous caesarean in the last 19 months.

Cancer-Related Conditions

Benign and malignant conditions involving abnormal cellular growth in the female reproductive organs.

Breast Cancer

A breast is formed by three main parts: lobules (glands that make milk), ducts (that deliver milk to the nipples), and connective tissue (consisting of fatty and fibrous tissue), which covers and maintains everything together. Breast cancer is a severe condition in which breast cells grow uncontrollably. The type of breast cancer may vary depending on the location of the cells. Cancer cells can grow, divide, and spread into nearby breast tissue, causing lumps or thickening. Breast cancer cells begin inside the milk-producing lobules and the breast's milk ducts. If it is diagnosed earlier, it won't become life-threatening.

Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the cervical cells. It usually develops slowly. Before the cancer begins in the cervix, the cells undergo specific changes known as cervical dysplasia, where the abnormal cells start appearing in the cervix's tissue. If this is not removed or destroyed, it may cause cancer cells to grow and spread to the deeper areas around the cervix. The most common cervical cancer cause is a long-lasting infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). People who start having sex before age 18 or within a year of the first period have a weak immune system, cigarette smoking, take birth control pills, have sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and have multiple sexual partners have an increased risk of getting this condition. Symptoms include painful sex, unusual vaginal bleeding and unusual vaginal discharge.

Cervical Dysplasia

Cervical dysplasia is a pre-cancerous condition of the cervix characterised by abnormal cell growth on the cervix surface. It occurs due to continuous infection of the human papillomavirus in the cervix tissue. 50 % of cervical cancers arise due to the infection of the HPV 16 virus. The process is generally slow and occurs after several years of persistent infection. It can be transmitted through cell growth on the cervix surface. It occurs due to continuous infection of the human papillomavirus in the cervix tissue rough skin to skin and, most commonly, through sexual contact. The most common symptom is abnormal bleeding during and between menstruation. Other possible symptoms include painful sex, increased vaginal discharge and menstrual bleeding.

Endometrial Cancer

Endometrial cancer (uterus cancer) is the most common gynaecological cancer. It begins in the inner lining of the uterus called the endometrium. It is curable if it is diagnosed in the early stages. Being obese and having metabolic syndrome may increase the risk of endometrial cancer. Signs and symptoms include painful sex, painful urination, abnormal vaginal bleeding, which is not related to the menstrual periods, post-menopausal bleeding and pain in the pelvis.

Fallopian Tube Cancer

Fallopian tube cancer is a similar type of ovarian cancer. It develops in the fallopian tubes, which connect the ovaries to the uterus. The exact cause of this condition is not known. Some possible risks are having a family history of breast or ovarian cancer. Symptoms of fallopian tube cancer might include a swollen abdomen, a watery vaginal discharge that may present with blood, abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding not related to menstruation, and a lump or swelling in the lower abdomen.

Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer is a condition where cells in the ovary grow abnormally and develop into a tumour. If not detected early, the cells can spread to surrounding tissues and other areas of the body. It commonly affects women who are 50 or older. Symptoms include pelvic pain or pressure, bloating, vaginal bleeding or discharge, difficulty eating, urgency to urinate, and abdominal or back pain. The exact cause is not understood completely, but studies have shown that having a family history of ovarian or breast cancer, older age, obesity, a history of breast cancer, and undergoing hormonal replacement therapy can increase the risk.

Vaginal Cancer

Vaginal cancer is uncommon cancer where malignant cells form anywhere in the vagina (the tube that connects the vulva and the cervix). It is often caused by infections such as human papillomavirus (HPV). Initially, vaginal cancers do not show any signs or symptoms. Still, some people present with symptoms such as possible symptoms include vaginal discharge, blood in the urine or stool, constipated feeling, pain in the pelvis, painful urination and painful sex.

Vulvar Cancer

Vulvar cancer is an uncommon cancer characterised by developing cancerous (malignant) cells around the tissues of the vulva located outside the body. It most commonly affects the outer lips of the vulva.

Having HPV infection or vulvar dysplasia and other risk factors include:

• Having multiple sexual partners.
• Having first sex at a young age.

Having a history of genital warts and being older can increase the chances of getting vulvar cancer.

Signs and symptoms include a lump or growth on the vulva that looks like an ulcer, itching around the vulvar area, pain in the vulvar area, and bleeding.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a viral infection that is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, most commonly through sexual activity. It is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide, and there are over 100 different types of HPV. Some types cause warts on the genital area, while others are linked to cancers, including cervical, vulvar, vaginal, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. Most HPV infections are harmless and go away on their own without causing any symptoms. However, in some cases, certain high-risk types of HPV can lead to serious health problems, such as cervical dysplasia (abnormal cell changes) and, if untreated, cervical cancer.

Pelvic and Uterine Disorders

Structural and functional abnormalities affecting the uterus, ovaries, and pelvic support structures.

Anterior Vaginal Prolapse

It is also called a cystocele or prolapsed bladder. It is caused by stretched or weakened supporting tissues around the wall of the vagina and the bladder, allowing the bladder to sag or drop into the canal of the vagina. Researchers estimate that up to half of women who have given birth can have this condition to some extent. Vaginal birth, being overweight, pelvic surgery (hysterectomy) and a family history of pelvic organ prolapse can increase the chances of developing this condition. A vaginal bulge or feeling something falling out from the vagina, urine leakage, painful sex, regular bathroom visits, Unable to empty the bladder fully, and Difficult starting urinating are the symptoms of this condition.

Chronic Pelvic Pain in Women

Chronic pelvic pain is a continuous, long-lasting pain in the pelvis that can originate from the genital or other organs. It is associated with conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, major depressive disorder and pelvic inflammatory syndrome. It is divided into acute or chronic. Acute pain is sudden and severe, while chronic pain lasts longer than six months and is ongoing. Multiple factors, such as inflammation, injury, pressure, endometriosis, uterine fibroids and scar tissue in the pelvic cavity, can cause it. Symptoms include localized pain, cramps and sudden onset of pain.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a common female reproductive system infection that affects the womb, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. It causes inflammation of the upper genital tract and is often linked to untreated sexually transmitted diseases. 1 in 8 women with PID may experience difficulty conceiving. The infection is caused by having an STD, douching, being sexually active, using an intrauterine device, or having multiple partners. Symptoms include painful and heavy periods, bleeding between menstrual periods and after sex, unusual vaginal discharge, painful urination, and pelvic pain in the lower abdomen.

Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Pelvic organ prolapse is the bulging or sagging down of organs such as the uterus, bowel, top of the vagina, or bladder from their normal position into the vagina. However, the bladder is the most common organ. Common causes for this condition such as hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus), obesity, pregnancy labour and childbirth and constipation. Symptoms include discomfort during sex or painful sex, a dragging discomfort inside the vagina, difficulties while urinating, pressure feeling near the vagina, urinary incontinence, spotting or bleeding from the vagina and constipation.

Uterine Fibroids

Uterine fibroids are growths that form in the uterus. A Woman's uterus is made up of muscle, and the fibroids originate from the muscle and bulge from outside or inside the uterus. They are prevalent and non-cancerous, but they may become cancerous. The exact cause is idiopathic (unknown). Hormones and genetics might be the cause. Most fibroids are minor (small in size) and do not cause any symptoms. However, some women may show symptoms such as increased menstrual bleeding, pelvic pressure and pain, menstrual clots that last longer than usual, increased urination and painful sex.

Uterine Polyps

Uterine polyps are small fleshy growths that can form along the inner lining of the uterus, called the endometrium. These polyps are common, but they rarely become cancerous. Multiple causes can cause them, such as high estrogen levels and obesity. Most women with this condition are asymptomatic, but abnormal uterine bleeding is a common symptom, along with irregular periods, vaginal spotting, abdominal pain, pelvic pain, and infertility.

Double Uterus

The double uterus, also called uterine didelphys, is a rare condition characterised by two uteruses before the baby's birth. The exact cause is idiopathic (unknown). However, according to some studies, it can be caused due to the failure of the fusion of Mullerian tubes during the uterus's development. Often this condition (double uterus) has two separate vaginal openings. A woman with a double uterus can carry a baby and give delivery. It can show impacts on menstruation and pregnancy. However, this condition can increase the chances of miscarriage or premature labour.

Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop on or inside the ovaries. They are quite common and can occur at any stage of a woman's life. Most ovarian cysts are benign (non-cancerous) and may not cause any symptoms. In fact, many women may have ovarian cysts without even knowing it. Symptoms of ovarian cysts may include pelvic pain, bloating, or changes in menstrual cycles, but many cysts are symptom-free and are only found during routine gynecological exams. If a cyst becomes large or ruptures, it may cause sharp pain, bleeding, or other complications.

Ovarian Fibroma

Ovarian fibromas are noncancerous growths that form in the ovaries. They are most commonly seen in women in their 50s during perimenopause or post-menopause. While they generally do not cause symptoms, they can sometimes cause pelvic pain or discomfort. Ovarian fibromas are a part of Meigs syndrome, a group of conditions that includes ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdomen) and pleural effusion (fluid buildup around the lungs). The treatment of choice for ovarian fibromas is surgical removal.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a metabolic disorder that affects women of reproductive age worldwide. PCOS is a complex condition characterized by a group of symptoms that affect the woman's ovaries and ovulation process. They are cysts in the ovaries that increase levels of male hormones, affect the hormone levels and cause irregular periods. Women with PCOS may also experience insulin resistance and symptoms such as excess body hair, weight gain, infertility, and dark skin patches.

Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD)

PCOD (Polycystic Ovarian Disease) is a medical condition in which the woman's ovaries produce immature or partially mature eggs in large numbers, which, over time, become cysts. Due to the formation of cysts, the ovaries become large and secrete a large amount of male hormones (androgens), causing infertility, irregular menstrual cycles, hair loss, and abnormal weight gain. PCOD can be controlled by diet and lifestyle modifications.

Pregnancy-Related Conditions

Conditions and complications that occur during pregnancy affect the mother or fetus.

Early Pregnancy Loss

Early pregnancy loss is the natural loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks. It typically occurs in the first trimester and can be caused by foetal chromosomal abnormalities. Certain factors increase the risk of this condition, including older age, previous pregnancy loss, being overweight, high blood pressure, and smoking. Symptoms may include vaginal bleeding, pelvic and abdominal cramping, the passage of tissue, and abdominal bleeding. In some cases, fever or chills may also be present. If a pregnant woman experiences vaginal bleeding, immediate medical attention is necessary.

Foetal Anaemia

Foetal anaemia is the most dangerous complication of pregnancy. The most common cause for this condition is maternal alloimmunization (incompatibility between the mother-type blood and fetus, leading to antibody destruction of the foetal red blood cells) and parvovirus B19 infection. Foetal anaemia is characterized by decreased levels of haemoglobin and circulating red blood cells in a fetus. When it becomes severe, it leads to cardiac failure and foetal hydrops (fluid accumulation). Prenatal diagnostic tests such as percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS) can confirm this condition.

Foetal Macrosomia

Foetal macrosomia occurs when a newborn is delivered with an excessive birth weight. It has been defined as if the baby has a birth weight greater than 4000 g or 4500 g or greater than 90% for gestational age (duration of time that baby has stayed in the uterus). It can be caused due to maternal diabetes, obesity, prolonged gestation of pregnancy (more than 42 weeks) and previous large gestational age infants. It is associated with an increased risk of a few conditions, such as maternal and foetal trauma during birth, neonatal hypoglycaemia and respiratory problems. This condition may lead to long-term adverse effects in babies, such as obesity and insulin resistance.

Perimenopause
Perimenopause is also called menopause transition. It is a condition that starts several years before menopause (end of menstruation). During this period woman's body produces less egg, estrogen and other hormones, less fertile and irregular menstrual cycles. It is a woman's body's natural process caused due to the stoppage of ovaries working; common possible symptoms may include hot flashes, mood changes, changes in sexual desires, night sweats, vaginal dryness, trouble sleeping, heavy sweating and premenstrual syndrome-like symptoms.

Infections and Inflammation

Diseases caused by microbial invasion or inflammatory processes of the female reproductive and urinary systems.

Bacterial Vaginosis

Bacterial vaginosis is a medical condition characterised by too much vaginal bacteria, leading to pain, itching, burning, and a strong fish-like odour. This condition increases the risk of having sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and premature delivery in pregnant women. Sexually active women aged 15-44, having multiple sex partners, douching, and lack of condom use are at risk of bacterial vaginosis due to disturbance of vaginal bacteria balance.

Candidiasis 

Candidiasis in females, commonly known as a yeast infection, is a fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of Candida in the vagina. It happens when the balance of yeast and bacteria in the vaginal area is disturbed, allowing the fungus to grow. Candida symptoms include vulval irritation, redness, and swelling, as well as a thick, white, cottage cheese-like discharge. Pain during intercourse or urination is common.

The infection can be triggered by various factors such as the use of antibiotics, which disrupt the natural bacteria in the vagina, hormonal changes from pregnancy, birth control, or menstruation, and conditions like diabetes or a weakened immune system. Other risk factors include tight-fitting or non-breathable clothing, which can create a moist environment that promotes yeast growth.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infectious conditions that transfer through sexual contact, including anal, vaginal, and oral sex. More than 30 different types of bacteria, viruses and parasites are transmitted through sexual contact. Some STDs can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding. Symptoms may include painful sex, genital itching, unusual discharge or bleeding from the vagina, fever, fatigue, memory loss, skin rash, and painful urination.

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common urinary infections that occur when bacteria infect the urinary tract, such as the urethra, bladder, rectum, and kidneys. Most UTIs attack the lower tract (urethra and bladder) and rarely infect the upper tract (ureters and kidneys). The most common infection is known as cystitis (bladder infection). Symptoms include painful urination, frequent urination, bloody urine, pelvic pain, cloudy urine, pain in the upper back side, chills, fever, nausea and vomiting. It can be caused by a shorter urethra in the woman, and some may be infected due to their family history (genes).

Vaginitis

Vaginitis is a commonly seen inflammatory condition that causes swelling, soreness and inflammation around the vagina in women. Usually, it is treatable. Symptoms include itchy or sore vagina, vaginal dryness, vaginal discharge, painful sex and intercourse, spotting or light bleeding and irritated, swollen skin around the vagina. Vaginitis can be caused by organisms like bacteria or yeast or by irritants. Common types of vaginitis include chlamydia, candida, gonorrhoea, bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and viral vaginitis.

Vulvitis 

Vulvar cancer is a rare type of cancer that develops in the vulva, the external part of the female genital organs. It generally starts in the skin cells of the vulva, often in the labia (the outer and inner folds of the vagina). The exact cause of vulvar cancer is not fully understood, but it is often linked to persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly the high-risk types. Other risk factors include age (it is more common in older women), smoking, a weakened immune system, and chronic skin conditions like lichen sclerosus.

Vulvar Dysplasia
Vulvar dysplasia is also called Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN). For a long time, abnormal cells grow in the tissues of the vulva. They may become cancerous, leading to vulvar cancer. Signs and symptoms include itching or burning on the vulva and skin thickenings that look like a wart or ulcer. Vulvar dysplasia is treatable. If it is not treated, it can progress to vulvar cancer.

Endocrine and Hormonal Disorders

Conditions resulting from hormonal imbalances that disrupt reproductive and menstrual function.

Hyperprolactinemia

Hyperprolactinemia is a condition characterised by an abnormally high level of prolactin, which is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland. Prolactin is mainly responsible for stimulating milk production after childbirth, but when levels are elevated outside of pregnancy or breastfeeding, it can disrupt the menstrual cycle and cause infertility. Common causes are pituitary tumors, certain medications (like antipsychotics), stress, and hypothyroidism. Females with hyperprolactinemia experience irregular or absent periods, milk discharge from the breasts (even if not pregnant or breastfeeding), and infertility.

Thyroid-Related Menstrual Disorders

These occur when there is an imbalance in thyroid hormones, which can directly affect the menstrual cycle. Both hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) can lead to menstrual irregularities. Hypothyroidism can causes heavy or prolonged periods, while hyperthyroidism can result in light or infrequent periods. Also, thyroid imbalances can lead to fertility problems, weight changes, and fatigue. Proper thyroid function is essential for regular menstrual cycles, and treatment helps to restore balance.

Mental Health Disorders Related to Reproductive Health

Psychological conditions associated with hormonal changes across reproductive life stages.

Postpartum Depression

Postpartum depression is a form of depression that impacts women who have recently given birth. Other health conditions include panic attacks, anxiety and psychosis. It is a serious condition due to feelings of guilt, sadness or worthlessness, rarely self-harming or harming a child in a woman. Most women may feel sad, tearful, guilty or anxious in the first week after the baby's birth. It is commonly called baby blues. It won't last more than two weeks after giving birth.' If the symptoms last longer or begin later, it should be considered post-natal depression. Signs and symptoms include lack of energy, tiredness, trouble sleeping, enjoyment, continuous sadness, and low mood.

Menopause

Menopause is a natural stage in women that represents the end of reproductive age, resulting in the stoppage of menstrual periods. It typically starts in females aged between 45 and 55, but some experience it earlier. After menopause, a woman cannot conceive except in certain conditions fertility treatment). It is caused by hormonal changes that reduce estrogen levels and lack ovarian follicular function. Symptoms include night sweats, hot flashes, changes in mood, vaginal dryness, painful sex, and urinary incontinence. 

Female Orgasmic Disorder
Female orgasmic disorder is also called orgasmic dysfunction or anorgasmia. It is a condition characterized by the absence or recurrent delay in or difficulty in reaching orgasm even after having adequate sexual stimulation and sexual arousal. It is more common in females than males. It may occur due to emotional, physical or psychological factors, including stress, relationship issues, sexual guilt, childhood loss and discomfort during sex.

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