Complete Care for All Spine Diseases & Disorders

The spine surgery department at PACE Hospitals specializes in diagnosing and treating a variety of spinal conditions. To make it easier for you, we have listed and categorized the most common spine-related disorders we treat below:

Common Spinal Conditions

These conditions are degenerative and mechanical spine disorders that lead to pain, nerve compression, and reduced mobility.

Herniated Disc (Slipped Disc) 

A herniated disc is also called a slipped disc, occurs when the soft inner part of a spinal disc pushes out through a tear in the outer layer. This can put pressure on nearby nerves, causing symptoms like pain, numbness, or weakness in the back, arms, or legs. Surgery may be recommended if non-surgical treatments, like physical therapy or medications, do not provide relief. Surgery can help remove or repair the damaged part of the disc to alleviate pain and improve mobility.

Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD)

Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD) happens when the spinal discs lose their flexibility, elasticity, and shock-absorbing properties, leading to pain and stiffness. This condition is often a natural part of ageing but can be accelerated by repetitive motion, injury, or genetics. A patient with degenerative disc disease suffers from chronic back pain that worsens with movement, inflexibility, and a feeling of instability in the spine. Over time, DDD can lead to further spine issues such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or nerve compression.

Spondylosis (cervical, lumbar, thoracic)

Spondylosis is considered an age-related wear and tear of the spine's vertebrae and discs. It can occur in the cervical (neck), lumbar (lower back), or thoracic (middle back). Symptoms generally involve pain, stiffness, and numbness in the arms or legs due to nerve compression. In severe cases, when non-surgical treatments fail, surgery may be necessary to remove bone spurs, repair herniated discs, or stabilize the spine to reduce pain and prevent further nerve damage.

Spinal Stenosis

This occurs when the spaces within the spine narrow, putting pressure on the spinal cord or nerves. It’s usually caused by aging, with wear and tear on the spinal discs and joints, or by conditions like arthritis. Common clinical features include pain, numbness, or weakness, particularly in the legs or lower back, and difficulty walking. If left untreated, spinal stenosis can lead to severe nerve damage, impaired mobility, and loss of bladder or bowel control.

Sciatica (lumbar radiculopathy)

Sciatica or lumbar radiculopathy occurs when a nerve in the lower back becomes compressed or gets irritated, typically by a herniated disc, bone spur, or spinal stenosis. This condition can cause sharp, radiating pain that travels from the lower back through the buttocks and down the leg. Symptoms often include numbness, tingling, or weakness in the leg or foot. Individuals at higher risk include those with poor posture, a sedentary lifestyle, or those who are overweight. If left untreated, sciatica can lead to long-term nerve damage, muscle weakness, and difficulty walking or standing.

Myelopathy (cervical/thoracic)

This condition refers to compression or damage to the spinal cord, most commonly in the cervical (neck) or thoracic (mid-back) regions. This can be caused by conditions such as degenerative disc disease, spinal stenosis, or trauma. Myelopathy is more common in older adults, particularly those with a history of spinal degeneration or injury. Symptoms include weakness, numbness, or loss of coordination in the arms, hands, or legs, difficulty walking, and sometimes bladder or bowel dysfunction.

Spinal Fractures

Spinal fractures occur when one or more of the vertebrae in the spine break, usually due to trauma, such as from a fall or car accident, or from conditions like osteoporosis that weaken the bones. If untreated, spinal fractures can lead to chronic pain, nerve damage, deformities, or permanent paralysis. Patients with spinal fractures experience severe back pain, difficulty moving, and in some cases, numbness or weakness in the arms or legs if the spinal cord is affected.

Spinal Deformities & Structural Disorders

Conditions involving abnormal curvature, alignment, or instability of the spine affecting posture and overall function.

Scoliosis

Scoliosis is an abnormal sideways curvature of the spine, usually developing during childhood or adolescence. The spine may curve in the shape of "S" or "C," due to unknown reasons, though it can be linked to genetic factors, neuromuscular conditions, or birth defects. Individuals at higher risk include those with a family history of scoliosis, and it’s more common in females. If not treated, severe scoliosis can lead to chronic pain, reduced lung function, and permanent deformities.

Kyphosis

Kyphosis is an excessive, abnormal forward curvature of the spine, typically in the upper back, leading to a rounded or hunchback appearance. It can be caused by age-related degenerative changes, osteoporosis, or certain congenital conditions. Symptoms may include a noticeable hump on the back, back pain, and stiffness. Left untreated, kyphosis can result in severe pain, difficulty breathing, and in some cases, spinal deformities that affect mobility and posture.

Lordosis (Hyperlordosis / swayback)

Lordosis, or hyperlordosis, refers to an excessive inward curve of the spine, often in the lower back, which gives the appearance of a "swayback." It can be caused by poor posture, obesity, pregnancy, or certain medical conditions affecting the spine or muscles. Symptoms include back pain, muscle weakness, and, in some cases, tingling or numbness in the legs. Risk of develping lordosis is higher in those who are overweight, have poor posture, or are pregnant. 

Spondylolisthesis

This happens when one vertebra slips forward over the one below it, usually owing to a fracture or degenerative changes in the spine. It typically affects the lower back and can result in muscular spasms, back discomfort, and, in severe cases, limb pain or numbness if nerve roots are compressed. Left untreated, spondylolisthesis can cause chronic pain, nerve damage, and may lead to further misalignment of the spine.

Spinal Instability

Spinal instability occurs when the spine loses its normal structure and stability, often due to injury, degenerative conditions, or excessive movement between vertebrae. This can result in misalignment, nerve compression, or abnormal movements of the spine. Symptoms include back pain, muscle weakness, and sometimes nerve-related issues such as numbness or tingling in the legs or arms. Individuals at risk include those with a history of spinal trauma, degenerative disc disease, or excessive physical activity. 

Infections & Inflammatory Conditions

These conditions, caused by infectious agents or chronic inflammation, can damage spinal structures and compromise neurological function.

Spinal Osteomyelitis

It is a serious infection of the vertebral bones, most often caused by bacteria that spread through the bloodstream from another part of the body or enter the spine after surgery or injury. The condition commonly develops in people with weak immunity, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, tuberculosis, intravenous drug use, or recent spinal procedures. If untreated, spinal osteomyelitis can lead to permanent damage to the spine, neurological complications, and even sepsis.

Epidural Abscess 

An epidural abscess is a serious spinal infection in which pus collects in the epidural space (the area between the spinal bones and the protective covering of the spinal cord). This condition usually develops when bacteria spread through the bloodstream or enter the spine after surgery, injections, or nearby skin infections. Individuals with diabetes, weakened immunity, chronic kidney disease, or a history of intravenous medication use are at higher risk. Symptoms start gradually with severe localised back pain and fever, and may progress to weakness, numbness, difficulty walking, or bladder and bowel problems if the spinal cord becomes compressed.

Tuberculosis of Spine (Pott’s disease) 

Pott’s disease, which is also called spinal tuberculosis, is a form of tuberculosis that affects the vertebrae, leading to destruction of spinal bones and possible compression of the spinal cord or nerves. It occurs when Mycobacterium tuberculosis spreads from the lungs or other organs to the spine through the bloodstream. People with weak immunity, malnutrition, diabetes, HIV infection, close contact with TB patients, and delayed treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis are at higher risk.

Ankylosing Spondylitis 

Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the spine and sacroiliac joints (where the spine meets the pelvis). Over time, inflammation can cause the spinal bones to fuse together, leading to stiffness and reduced flexibility. The exact cause is unknown, but it is strongly linked to genetics, especially the HLA-B27 gene. Risks that can increase the development of AS include male gender, young age (late teens to early 40s), and having a family history of the disease. Clinical presentations are chronic lower back pain, morning stiffness lasting more than 30 minutes, reduced spinal movement, fatigue, and pain that improves with activity but worsens with rest

Spinal infections (general) 

Spinal infections can encompass various conditions like osteomyelitis, epidural abscesses, and tuberculosis, all of which cause inflammation and damage to the spine. These infections can be caused by bacteria, fungi, or other microorganisms and which can result from trauma, surgery, or infections elsewhere in the body. The patient generally experiences pain, fever, and neurological issues such as weakness or numbness. Without prompt treatment, spinal infections can cause permanent damage, leading to chronic pain, nerve impairment, and in severe cases, paralysis.

Tumors & Cancer-related Conditions

Benign and malignant growths affecting the spine that may impact structural integrity and compress neural elements.

Spinal Cord Tumors

Spinal tumors are abnormal growths that develop within or around the spinal cord, spinal nerves, or vertebral bones, and can be non-cancerous or cancerous. They can arise mainly from spinal tissues or spread to the spine from cancers elsewhere in the body (metastatic tumors). A history of cancer, certain genetic syndromes, and immune system disorders increases the risk of spinal tumors. persistent back pain (often worse at night), nerve pain radiating to the arms or legs, difficulty in walking, spinal instability or deformity, and, in advanced cases, bladder or bowel dysfunction.

Vertebral Hemangioma 

A vertebral hemangioma is a benign tumor made up of blood vessels that forms in the bones of the spine. It is usually discovered incidentally during imaging tests for other conditions, as many people with vertebral hemangiomas experience no symptoms. However, when symptoms occur, they may include back pain, numbness, or weakness in the limbs if the tumor presses on nearby nerves or the spinal cord. Most cases are asymptomatic and do not require treatment, but in rare instances, if the hemangioma grows large enough to cause pain or neurological issues, surgery or radiation therapy may be considered.

Metastatic Spinal Cancer 

Metastatic spinal cancer occurs when cancer from another part of the body spreads to the spine. This can happen with cancers such as breast, lung, prostate, or kidney cancer. Symptoms may, which depends on the location, but they often include severe back pain, numbness, weakness, or loss of function in the limbs due to compression of the spinal cord or nerves. Individuals with a history of cancer, particularly those with advanced-stage disease, are at higher risk. Metastatic spinal cancer can lead to serious complications, including paralysis or loss of bowel and bladder control, and requires immediate medical attention. 

Neurological & Congenital Conditions

Disorders involving nerve compression, spinal cord dysfunction, or developmental abnormalities affecting spinal health.

Chiari Malformation

Chiari malformation is a condition where the brain tissue extends into the spinal canal. This can disrupt normal cerebrospinal fluid flow and place pressure on the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms vary depending on the severity and type of Chiari malformation, but they often include headaches, neck pain, dizziness, balance problems, and in severe cases, difficulty swallowing or speaking. If left untreated, Chiari malformation can lead to complications such as spinal cord damage, impaired brain function, or increased intracranial pressure.

Radiculopathy

Radiculopathy refers to the compression or irritation of a nerve root in the spine, leading to pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the areas served by that nerve, such as the arms or legs. It is often caused by herniated discs, bone spurs, or degenerative changes in the spine that put pressure on the nerve roots. Symptoms can vary based on the location of the nerve compression, but commonly involve sharp or burning pain, muscle weakness, or a loss of coordination.

Thoracic Myelopathy 

Thoracic myelopathy is a rare condition where there is compression of the spinal cord in the thoracic (middle) region of the spine. It can be caused by degenerative changes, herniated discs, or spinal stenosis. Symptoms of thoracic myelopathy may include back pain, difficulty walking, numbness, weakness in the legs, and bladder or bowel dysfunction. It is more common in individuals with age-related degeneration or those with a history of spinal injuries.

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Thoracic outlet syndrome occurs when the blood vessels or nerves that pass from the neck and chest into the arms become compressed. This can cause pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the neck, shoulders, arms, and hands. The condition can be caused by anatomical abnormalities, trauma, or repetitive movements, especially in athletes or individuals who perform overhead activities. Risk factors include poor posture, previous trauma to the neck or shoulder, and repetitive use of the arms.

Other Spine-related Disorders 

These are post-surgical complications and soft tissue disorders that impact spinal function and quality of life.

Facet Joint Syndrome

Facet joint syndrome is a spine disorder characterised by inflammation or degeneration of the tiny joints (facet joints) that connect vertebrae and allow for smooth spinal movement. It usually develops due to age-related wear and tear, arthritis, repeated stress on the spine, or injury. People who are older, overweight, have poor posture, do heavy physical work, or have had previous spine injuries are at higher risk. The condition commonly causes localised neck or lower back pain, stiffness, pain that worsens with bending or twisting, and reduced flexibility, sometimes with pain spreading to the buttocks or upper thighs.

Failed Back Surgery Syndrome 

This is a medical condition describe persistent pain or other complications following spine surgery. Despite having surgery to address conditions like herniated discs or spinal stenosis, patients may still experience back pain, leg pain, or other symptoms. This can occur due to various factors like incomplete relief of the problem, nerve damage, the formation of scar tissue, or a new condition developing. Risk factors which increases the likelihood of it includes improper surgical techniques, inadequate rehabilitation, or ongoing spinal degeneration. Left untreated, FBSS can lead to chronic pain, decreased mobility, and reduced quality of life.

Epidural Fibrosis (scar tissue after surgery) 

These conditions refer to the formation of scar tissue around the spinal cord or nerves following spinal surgery. This tissue can cause nerve compression, leading to ongoing pain, numbness, or weakness. Symptoms often resemble the original condition for which surgery was performed, such as leg or back pain. Epidural fibrosis is most common in patients who have undergone multiple spinal surgeries. Individuals at higher risk include those with poor healing, infections, or complications during surgery. If not managed, epidural fibrosis can lead to chronic pain and, in some cases, permanent nerve damage.

Piriformis Syndrome

Piriformis syndrome occurs when the piriformis muscle, located in the buttocks, irritates or compresses the sciatic nerve, leading to pain, numbness, or tingling in the buttocks and down the leg. This condition can be caused by muscle spasms, trauma, or anatomical abnormalities. The primary symptom is pain in the lower back or buttocks, often worsened by sitting or certain movements. If untreated, piriformis syndrome can lead to chronic discomfort and limited mobility.

Spinal Cysts

Spinal cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop within the spine. These can be congenital or may form due to degenerative changes or injury. While many spinal cysts cause no symptoms, larger cysts or those pressing on nearby nerves can lead to pain, weakness, or numbness in the back or limbs. Common types of spinal cysts include synovial cysts and arachnoid cysts. If left untreated, spinal cysts can result in nerve compression, pain, and difficulty moving or walking.

Trauma / Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal cord injury occurs when trauma, such as a fall, car accident, or violent injury, damages the spinal cord, leading to loss of function or sensation below the injury site. Depending on the location and severity of the injury, symptoms can range from mild weakness to complete paralysis. If not treated immediately, SCI can lead to permanent paralysis, loss of sensation, and significant challenges with mobility, respiration, and other bodily functions.

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