Endocrine Disorders and Hormonal Conditions

At PACE Hospitals, we offer specialized care for endocrine disorders that affect metabolism, growth, and hormonal balance. The range of endocrinology diseases managed at our centre is structured below to help patients identify their condition.

Thyroid Disorders

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones, leading to a slowdown of the body's metabolism. It commonly presents with symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, constipation, cold intolerance, dry skin, and depression. Causes include iodine deficiency, autoimmune disease, thyroid surgery, or certain medications. If untreated, it can lead to complications such as high cholesterol and heart problems. Management typically involves lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy (levothyroxine).

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks the thyroid gland, gradually reducing its ability to produce hormones. It is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in many regions. Patients may initially have a painless swelling of the thyroid (goitre), followed by symptoms of hypothyroidism such as fatigue, weight gain, and hair loss.

Subacute Thyroiditis

Subacute thyroiditis, also known as De Quervain’s thyroiditis, is a temporary inflammatory condition of the thyroid, often following a viral infection. It presents with pain and tenderness in the neck, fever, and symptoms of hyperthyroidism (like palpitations and anxiety) in the early phase, followed by a transient hypothyroid phase. The condition is self-limiting and resolves over weeks to months.

Postpartum Thyroiditis

It is a temporary thyroid disorder that occurs in some women within the first year after childbirth. It is considered an autoimmune condition. The condition often follows a biphasic pattern: initially, the damaged thyroid releases excess hormones, causing symptoms of hyperthyroidism such as anxiety, irritability, rapid heartbeat, and weight loss. This phase may last a few weeks to months and is often mild, so it can be overlooked. It is commonly followed by a hypothyroid phase, where the thyroid becomes underactive, leading to fatigue, weight gain, depression, dry skin, and sensitivity to cold.

Thyroid Storm 

Thyroid storm is an uncommon but life-threatening complication of severe hyperthyroidism, characterised by an extreme excess of thyroid hormones. It is often triggered by stress, infection, surgery, or untreated hyperthyroidism (especially in conditions like Graves’ disease). Thyroid storm is a medical emergency requiring immediate hospitalisation and intensive treatment.

Graves’ Disease

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder and the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. In this condition, the immune system produces antibodies (TSI) that stimulate the thyroid gland to produce excessive hormones. Symptoms include weight loss, heat intolerance, palpitations, anxiety, tremors, and, in some cases, ocular involvement known as Graves' ophthalmopathy.

Goitre

Goitre refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, which can occur with normal, increased, or decreased thyroid hormone levels. Common causes include iodine deficiency and autoimmune diseases. It may present as a visible swelling in the neck and can sometimes cause difficulty swallowing or breathing if large.

Thyroid Nodules

Thyroid nodules are discrete lumps or growths within the thyroid gland, which may be solid or fluid-filled (cysts). Most nodules are benign and asymptomatic, but some may produce excess thyroid hormones or, rarely, be cancerous. These thyroid nodules are often detected incidentally during physical examination or imaging.

Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid cancer is a malignant growth of thyroid cells and is one of the most treatable cancers when detected early. Common types are papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic thyroid cancer. These conditions are presented with a painless lump in the neck, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, or swollen lymph nodes. Risk factors include radiation exposure and family history.

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Cushing Syndrome

Cushing syndrome is a hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure to excessive cortisol levels. It may result from long-term use of corticosteroid medications or from tumors of the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, or elsewhere producing excess cortisol (Cushing's disease when pituitary-related). Common features include weight gain (especially around the face and trunk), “moon face,” purple stretch marks (striae), muscle weakness, hypertension, diabetes, and thinning of the skin.

Addison’s Disease (Adrenal Insufficiency)

This is a condition in which the adrenal glands fail to produce adequate cortisol and aldosterone. It is caused by autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex. Symptoms develop gradually, which include fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, salt craving, and characteristic skin hyperpigmentation. In severe cases, an Addisonian crisis can occur, leading to shock and requiring emergency treatment.

Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s Syndrome)

This is a disorder in which the adrenal glands produce excess aldosterone, leading to sodium retention and potassium loss. This results in high blood pressure (often resistant to treatment), muscle weakness, fatigue, and low potassium levels (hypokalemia). It is commonly caused by an adrenal adenoma or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia.

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

This is a group of inherited disorders affecting enzymes required for cortisol synthesis, most commonly 21-hydroxylase deficiency. This leads to decreased cortisol and increased male hormones (androgens) production. In severe cases, it can cause salt-wasting, dehydration, and life-threatening crises in newborns.

Pituitary Disorders

Pituitary Adenoma

Pituitary adenoma is a usually benign tumor arising from the pituitary gland, which can affect hormone production. These tumors may be functioning (hormone-secreting) or non-functioning. Depending on the type, they can cause excess hormone symptoms or compress nearby structures, leading to headaches and vision problems (especially loss of peripheral vision).

Prolactinoma

Prolactinoma is a common, noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland that secretes excess prolactin, often leading to infertility, irregular menstruation, or galactorrhea in women, and decreased libido or erectile dysfunction in men.

Hypopituitarism

This is a condition in which the pituitary gland fails to produce one or more of its hormones, leading to deficiencies affecting multiple body systems. The causes include pituitary tumors, head injuries, infections, or radiation therapy. Symptoms depend on the hormones affected and may include fatigue, weakness, weight changes, infertility, and growth failure in children.

Gigantism

Gigantism is an uncommon condition caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH) during childhood, before the closure of growth plates. It results in abnormal increase in height and overall body size, along with features like enlarged hands and feet. It is usually due to a growth hormone–secreting pituitary adenoma. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent complications.

Acromegaly

Acromegaly occurs when excess growth hormone is produced in adulthood, after growth plates have closed. Instead of increased height, it leads to enlargement of hands, feet, and facial features (such as jaw and nose), along with thickened skin, joint pain, and organ enlargement. It is most commonly caused by a pituitary adenoma. If untreated, it can lead to serious complications such as diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease.

Diabetes Insipidus

Diabetes insipidus is a disorder characterised by excessive urination (polyuria) and intense thirst (polydipsia) due to problems with antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin. It is classified into central diabetes insipidus, caused by reduced production or release of ADH from the hypothalamus or pituitary gland; nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, caused by the kidneys’ inability to respond to ADH; dipsogenic diabetes insipidus, resulting from a defect in the thirst mechanism leading to excessive fluid intake; and gestational diabetes insipidus, which occurs during pregnancy due to increased breakdown of ADH by placental enzymes. Common causes include head injury, tumors, infections, genetic factors, certain medications, and pregnancy-related changes

Parathyroid Disorders

Hyperparathyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism is a condition in which the parathyroid glands produce excessive parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to increased calcium levels in the blood. It is most commonly caused by a benign parathyroid adenoma. Elevated PTH results in bone resorption, kidney stone formation, abdominal pain, and neuropsychiatric symptoms such as fatigue or depression.

Hypoparathyroidism

This occurs when the parathyroid glands produce insufficient parathyroid hormone (PTH), which leads to low calcium levels. It is caused by accidental damage or removal of the parathyroid glands during thyroid or neck surgery, but may also result from autoimmune disorders or genetic conditions. Symptoms include muscle cramps, tingling sensations (especially in fingers and lips), seizures, and cardiac rhythm disturbances.

Hypercalcemia

Hypercalcemia refers to an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood, which is a result of underlying conditions such as hyperparathyroidism or malignancy. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and include vomiting, constipation, excessive thirst, frequent urination, confusion, and kidney stones. Severe cases may lead to cardiac arrhythmias or coma.

Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune condition in which the body’s immune system destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, little or no insulin is produced, which leads to high blood glucose levels. It commonly develops in children and young adults but can occur at any age. Symptoms include excessive thirst, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss, and fatigue. Management requires lifelong insulin therapy, regular blood sugar monitoring, and lifestyle adjustments.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 diabetes is the common form of diabetes, which occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or does not produce enough insulin. It is strongly associated with excess body mass (obesity), sedentary lifestyle, and genetic factors. Symptoms may develop gradually and include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and blurred vision. It can be managed with lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise, along with oral medications or insulin if needed.

Prediabetes

Prediabetes is a condition in which blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as diabetes. It is an early warning stage and increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. Many individuals with prediabetes may not have noticeable symptoms. Early intervention via weight management, healthy diet, and regular physical activity can prevent or delay progression to diabetes.

Gestational Diabetes

Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy due to hormonal changes that affect insulin function. It usually occurs in the second or third trimester and may not cause noticeable symptoms. If not managed properly, it can lead to complications for both the mother and baby, such as large birth weight or increased risk of type 2 diabetes later in life.

Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that occur together and increase the risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and stroke. It generally includes abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, elevated blood sugar, high triglycerides, and low HDL (good cholesterol). The underlying cause is often linked to insulin resistance and unhealthy lifestyle factors such as poor diet and physical inactivity.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious and life-threatening complication of diabetes, most commonly seen in individuals with type 1 diabetes. It occurs when the body lacks insulin and starts breaking down fat for energy, producing acidic ketones that accumulate in the blood. Symptoms may include extreme thirst, frequent urination, vomiting, stomach discomfort, fruity breath, and confusion.

Insulin Resistance

Insulin resistance is a metabolic condition in which the body's cells do not properly respond to insulin, resulting in high blood sugar levels. It plays a crucial role in the progression of type 2 diabetes and is strongly linked to obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and genetic risk. Over time, the pancreas compensates by producing more insulin, but this may eventually lead to diabetes.

Endocrine-Related Obesity

These conditions refer to weight gain caused or influenced by hormonal imbalances rather than lifestyle factors alone. Conditions such as hypothyroidism, Cushing Syndrome, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can contribute to abnormal fat accumulation and difficulty losing weight. Patients may also experience fatigue, hormonal symptoms, and metabolic disturbances. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying endocrine disorder along with lifestyle modifications.

Reproductive & Hormonal Disorders

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder affecting women of reproductive age, characterised by irregular menstrual cycles, excess androgen (male hormone) levels, and polycystic ovaries. It is associated with insulin resistance, which contributes to symptoms such as weight gain, acne, and excessive hair growth. PCOS can also lead to infertility and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.

Erectile Dysfunction

This is the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual activity. Physical causes include diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hormonal imbalance, or neurological problems, as well as psychological variables like stress and anxiety. Reduced blood flow, nerve damage, or low hormone levels are common contributing factors are common contributing factors.

Hypogonadism

Hypogonadism is a condition in which the body produces insufficient sex hormones in both men and women. It may be primary (due to problems in the gonads) or secondary (due to pituitary or hypothalamic disorders). Causes include genetic conditions, infections, or endocrine disorders. Symptoms are reduced libido, infertility, fatigue, decreased muscle mass, and delayed puberty in adolescents.

Menopause & Perimenopause

Menopause is the natural end of a woman's menstrual cycles, which typically occurs between the ages of 45 and 55. Perimenopause is the transitional phase leading up to menopause. During this time, hormone levels drop, resulting in symptoms including hot flashes, night sweats, mood swings, irregular periods, and vaginal dryness. Long-term effects may include bone loss and increased cardiovascular risk.

Hirsutism 

Hirsutism is a condition in women characterized by excessive growth of coarse, dark hair in a male-pattern distribution (such as the face, chest, and back). It is usually caused by elevated male hormone levels or increased sensitivity of hair follicles to androgens (male hormones). It may also be associated with acne and menstrual irregularities. 

Bone & Mineral Disorders

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a condition characterised by decreased bone density and deterioration of bone structure, leading to fragile bones and an increased risk of fractures, especially in the hip, spine, and wrist. It affects older adults, particularly postmenopausal women, due to reduced levels of hormones responsible for female secondary sexual characteristics. It is often asymptomatic until a fracture occurs.

Osteopenia

Osteopenia is a condition where bone mineral density is lower than normal but not low enough to be classified as osteoporosis. It is considered a precursor to osteoporosis and indicates an increased risk of developing fractures in the future. It is usually detected through bone density scans (DEXA scan). Lifestyle changes such as improved nutrition, regular exercise, and adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D can help prevent progression to osteoporosis.

Rickets

Rickets is a childhood disorder caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate, leading to soft and weak bones. It results in skeletal deformities such as bowed legs, delayed growth, bone pain, and dental problems. The condition occurs due to inadequate sunlight exposure, poor nutrition, or malabsorption disorders.

Vitamin D Deficiency

This occurs when the body does not have enough vitamin D to maintain healthy bone metabolism and calcium balance. It can result from inadequate sunlight exposure, poor dietary intake, or absorption issues. Symptoms may include bone pain, muscle weakness, fatigue, and increased risk of fractures. In children, it can lead to rickets, and in adults, it may contribute to osteomalacia and osteoporosis. 

Genetic & Rare Endocrine Disorders

Klinefelter Syndrome

Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic condition that occurs in males due to the presence of an extra X chromosome. It impairs testicular growth, leading to reduced androgenic activity from the testes. Common features include tall stature, small testes, infertility, decreased muscle mass, and sometimes breast tissue enlargement. Learning difficulties and delayed puberty may also be seen.

Turner Syndrome

Turner syndrome is a chromosomal disorder affecting females, caused by the partial or complete absence of one X chromosome. It leads to short stature, delayed puberty, infertility, and characteristic physical features such as a webbed neck and broad chest. Patients may also have heart defects and kidney abnormalities.

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN)

This refers to a group of inherited disorders characterised by tumors in multiple endocrine glands. The main types include MEN type 1 and MEN type 2, each associated with different gland involvement such as the parathyroid, pancreas, pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands. These tumors may be benign or malignant and can lead to excessive hormone production. MEN is caused by genetic mutations and often runs in families.

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