Internal Medicine Diseases and Conditions

At PACE Hospitals, patients receive reliable, comprehensive general medicine care, supported by experienced physicians, modern facilities, and personalised treatment approaches.

Cardiovascular Diseases

• Hypertension (High blood pressure): Hypertension is a long-term condition in which the force of blood against the walls of the arteries remains high consistently. Over time, this increased pressure may damage blood vessels and vital organs such as the heart, brain, and kidneys. It often has no noticeable symptoms, which is why it is called a "silent killer." If left untreated, it can lead to serious consequences like heart attack, stroke, and kidney disease. 
• Coronary artery disease (CAD): CAD occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of fatty deposits called plaque. This decreases the amount of blood reaching the heart muscle, which can cause chest pain, shortness of breath, or fatigue. In more serious cases, it may lead to a heart attack. Factors that increase the risk of CAD are high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, and high cholesterol.
  
• Arrhythmias: Arrhythmias are disorders of the heart’s rhythm, where the heartbeat may be too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia), or irregular. These occur due to problems with the electrical signals that control the heartbeat. Some arrhythmias can induce symptoms such as heart palpitations (the sensation of skipped or rapid beats), fatigue, fainting, or shortness of breath, while others may be asymptomatic and only found during testing. Although many arrhythmias are harmless, some can increase the risk of serious complications such as stroke or sudden cardiac arrest.
  
• Valvular heart diseases: This occurs when one or more of the heart valves do not function properly, either by becoming narrowed (stenosis) or leaking (regurgitation). The heart valves regulate the flow of blood through the heart, ensuring it moves in the correct direction. When they do not function properly, normal circulation can be affected. This may lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, chest discomfort, or swelling in the legs. Causes may include age-related degeneration, infections, or congenital defects. 
  
• Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): DVT is a condition in which a blood clot forms in the deep veins, usually in the legs. Symptoms include leg pain, inflammation, redness, and warmth in the affected area. DVT is caused by prolonged immobility (such as long flights or bed rest), surgery, or certain medical conditions that speed up blood clotting. The major concern is that part of the clot can break off and travel to the lungs, leading to a serious complication called pulmonary embolism. 

Respiratory Diseases

• Asthma: Asthma is a chronic lung condition that impairs the airways to become inflamed and narrow, making it difficult to breathe and leading to complications like shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, and chest tightness. Asthma can be triggered by various factors, including allergies, exercise, cold air, and certain medications.
  
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): COPD is a progressive lung condition that causes long-term breathing difficulty due to airflow obstruction. It mainly involves conditions like chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and is most commonly caused by long-term exposure to smoking or air pollutants. Symptoms are a continuous cough, mucus production, shortness of breath, and fatigue. This gradually worsens over time, but early diagnosis, quitting smoking, medications, pulmonary rehabilitation, and oxygen therapy can help improve symptoms and improve quality of life.
  
• Pneumonia: This is an infection of the lungs that causes the air sacs (alveoli) to fill with fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe properly.It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungus, and symptoms can range from minor to severe, particularly in children, the elderly, and those with compromised immune. Common symptoms include fever, phlegm-filled cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
  
• Tuberculosis: TB is a contagious bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily affecting the lungs but potentially involving other parts of the body. It spreads via airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Clinical manifestations generally include a persistent cough lasting more than two weeks, weight loss, fever, night sweats, and fatigue. TB is a major public health concern but is curable with a full course of prescribed anti-tubercular medications taken over several months.
  
• Acute bronchitis: This is a short-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which is usually caused by viral infections and is similar to the common cold. Symptoms include leg pain, inflammation, redness, and warmth in the affected area. DVT is caused by prolonged immobility (such as long flights or bed rest), surgery, or certain medical conditions that speed up blood clotting.
  
• Pleural effusion: Pleural effusion is a condition in which excess fluid collects in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural space). This buildup can compress the lungs and make breathing difficult. It may occur due to infections, heart failure, liver disease, or cancer. Common symptoms include shortness of breath, chest pain, and cough.
  
• Pneumothorax: Pneumothorax, commonly known as a collapsed lung, occurs when air enters the space between the lung and chest wall, causing the lung to partially or completely collapse. It can occur spontaneously, as a result of injury, or as a side effect of lung disease. Symptoms frequently include acute chest discomfort and difficulty breathing. The severity varies from mild cases that resolve on their own to severe cases requiring urgent treatment, such as insertion of a chest tube to remove the air and allow the lung to re-expand.
  
• Interstitial lung disease (ILD): ILD is a group of disorders characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of the lung interstitium, leading to stiff lungs and impaired oxygen exchange. It commonly presents with progressive shortness of breath and dry cough, and may be caused by autoimmune diseases, environmental exposures, or may be idiopathic.
  
• Pulmonary embolism: This is a serious condition in which a blood clot blocks one of the arteries in the lungs, reducing blood flow and oxygen levels. It most often occurs when a clot from DVT travels to the lungs. Common clinical manifestations include sudden shortness of breath, sharp chest pain, rapid heartbeat, and sometimes coughing up blood. This condition requires immediate medical attention, as it can be life-threatening if untreated. 

Neurological Disorders 

• Stroke: This occurs when blood flow to part of the brain is interrupted, either by a blockage (ischemic stroke) or bleeding (hemorrhagic stroke). Without blood and oxygen, brain cells start to die, which can cause permanent brain damage and loss of function. Symptoms of stroke include sudden weakness or numbness on one side of the body, trouble speaking, vision problems, or difficulty walking. Immediate medical intervention is crucial for improving outcomes. 
  
• Epilepsy: Epilepsy is a condition that affects the brain and causes repeated seizures. These seizures happen because of sudden bursts of unusual electrical activity in the brain. The experience can differ from person to person, some may have convulsions or lose consciousness, while others might feel vague sensations or brief lapses in awareness. There are several possible causes, including genetic factors, head injuries, or infections. Although epilepsy cannot be completely cured, it is well-controlled with medication and certain lifestyle changes. With proper treatment and care, many people with epilepsy are able to live full and active lives.
  
• Migraine: Migraines are a type of headache that is characterized by mild to severe throbbing pain on one side of the head, which is usually accompanied by vomiting, nausea, and sensitivity to light and sound. Migraines could last anywhere from 4 to 72 hours.
  
• Parkinson’s disease: Parkinson's disease is a continuing neurological disorder that affects movement. The main reason is due to the deprivation of nerve cells that are responsible for producing dopamine in the brain, a chemical that helps control movement. Symptoms of Parkinson's disease typically begin gradually and worsen over time. They can include tremors, muscle rigidity, slowness of movement, impaired balance and coordination, and changes in speech and facial expression.
  
• Alzheimer’s disease: Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain impairment that causes memory loss and other cognitive decline, which includes conscious intellectual activity (such as reasoning, thinking or reflecting). It is the most common reason for dementia, a common term for loss of cognitive function. Symptoms of Alzheimer's disease typically begin in people over the age of 60 but can occur earlier.
  
• Multiple sclerosis: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, uncertain disease that impairs the central nervous system. The CNS comprises the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. This is an autoimmune medical condition in which the myelin sheath, a protective layer, is attacked by the immune system, damaging the nerve fibre and impairing the flow of information between the brain and the rest of the body. This damage could lead to various complications like fatigue, vision problems, numbness, tingling, and weakness.
  
• Peripheral neuropathy: Peripheral neuropathy refers to damage or dysfunction of the peripheral nerves, which transmit information between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body. Symptoms such as numbness, tingling, burning sensations, or pain in the hands, feet, or limbs. Common causes may include diabetes, infections, vitamin deficiencies, and physical injuries. In severe cases, peripheral neuropathy can interfere with basic functions like walking and handling objects. 
  
• Meningitis: This is an infection and inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is most often caused by viral or bacterial infections, with bacterial meningitis being more severe. Meningitis can be life-threatening, particularly in its bacterial form, so it requires prompt medical treatment. Common symptoms include sudden fever, headache, a stiff neck, sensitivity to light, and nausea. 
  
• Encephalitis: Encephalitis is the inflammation of the brain, usually caused by viral infections. It can lead to symptoms like fever, confusion, headaches, seizures, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness. This is a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment, as it can cause lasting neurological damage. 

Gastrointestinal Diseases

• Gastritis: Gastritis is an inflammation of the stomach lining that can result from a variety of causes, including bacterial infections (like Helicobacter pylori), excessive alcohol consumption, certain medications (like NSAIDs), or stress. Common symptoms include stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. In some cases, gastritis may lead to ulcers or bleeding. 
• Peptic ulcer disease: Peptic ulcer disease refers to open sores or ulcers that develop on the inner lining of the stomach or the upper part of the small intestine. The primary causes are infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria or the long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications. Symptoms include burning stomach pain, bloating, and indigestion. 
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): GERD is a chronic digestive condition where stomach acid or bile irritates the food pipe lining. It is associated with symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing. If left untreated, GERD can lead to complications such as esophageal ulcers or narrowing of the esophagus.
• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): IBS is a common digestive disorder that affects the large intestine. It is characterised by symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel movements, including diarrhea, constipation, or alternating between both. The exact cause of IBS is unknown, but it may involve a combination of abnormal muscle contractions in the intestines, gut-brain communication issues, and sensitivity to certain foods or stress. While there is no cure for IBS, it can be managed with dietary adjustments, medications, and stress management techniques.
• Hepatitis (A, B, C): Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver caused mainly by viral infections. The common viral types are hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, and hepatitis E. These viruses affect the liver and can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), nausea, abdominal pain, and dark urine. Hepatitis A and E are usually spread through infected food or water and often cause acute infection. Hepatitis B, C, and D are primarily transmitted via infected blood, body fluids, or unsafe injections and may result in chronic liver disease if untreated.
• Cirrhosis: Cirrhosis is a chronic liver condition in which normal liver tissue is gradually replaced by scar tissue, resulting in the loss of liver function. Long-term alcohol consumption can lead to alcoholic cirrhosis, chronic viral hepatitis, fatty liver disease, or autoimmune illnesses. As the disease progresses, the liver becomes hard and unable to perform its normal functions such as detoxification and protein production. Symptoms may include fatigue, swelling in the abdomen, jaundice, easy bruising, and confusion in severe cases.
  
• Acute pancreatitis: Acute pancreatitis is a sudden inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by factors such as gallstones, heavy alcohol consumption, or high levels of fats in the blood. This condition leads to severe pain in the upper abdomen, nausea, vomiting, fever, and sometimes jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). The pancreas plays a critical role in digestion and regulating blood sugar, and its inflammation can disrupt these functions.
• Malabsorption syndromes: In this syndrome, the body is unable to absorb certain nutrients properly from food. This can lead to deficiencies in vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients, resulting in symptoms like diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue, and bloating. Common causes include celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, pancreatic insufficiency, and lactose intolerance. 
  

Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders

• Diabetes Mellitus: Diabetes mellitus is a condition in which blood sugar levels are persistently high due to a lack of insulin or the body's not using insulin properly. It can lead to symptoms like increased thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue, and over time may cause complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart.
• Thyroid disorders: This occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much or too little hormone. Hypothyroidism causes tiredness, weight gain, and cold intolerance, while hyperthyroidism leads to weight loss, sweating, and palpitations. These hormones control metabolism, so an imbalance affects many body functions.
• Dyslipidemia: Dyslipidemia is a condition where there are abnormal levels of lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) in the blood. It usually has no symptoms but increases the risk of heart disease and stroke if not managed properly.
• Obesity: Obesity is a complex and critical disorder associated with an excessive accumulation of body fat. It is not just a matter of cosmetic concern but also a medical problem that could raise the complications of other diseases and health problems, such as high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers.
• Metabolic syndrome: Metabolic syndrome is a group of conditions that occur together, including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, abnormal cholesterol levels, and excess abdominal fat. It significantly increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.
• Hypoglycemia: Hypoglycemia refers to abnormally low blood sugar levels, commonly seen in people with diabetes due to excess medication, skipping meals, or heavy exercise. Symptoms include sweating, dizziness, confusion, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness.
• Cushing’s syndrome: Cushing syndrome is a hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure to excessive cortisol levels. It may result from long-term use of corticosteroid medications or from tumors of the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, or elsewhere producing excess cortisol (Cushing's disease when pituitary-related). Common features include weight gain (especially around the face and trunk), “moon face,” purple stretch marks (striae), muscle weakness, hypertension, diabetes, and thinning of the skin. 
• Addison’s disease: This is a condition in which the adrenal glands fail to produce adequate cortisol and aldosterone. It is caused by autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex. Symptoms develop gradually, which include fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, salt craving, and characteristic skin hyperpigmentation. In severe cases, an Addisonian crisis can occur, leading to shock and requiring emergency treatment. 
  

Infectious Diseases

• Common cold: The common cold is a viral infection that affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by a variety of viruses, including rhinoviruses and adenoviruses. Cold symptoms typically include a runny nose, sore throat, cough, sneezing, and fatigue. The common cold is usually mild and goes away within 7-10 days. There is no cure for the common cold, but the symptoms can be managed with treatment.
  
• Influenza: Influenza (flu) is an infectious respiratory disease caused by influenza viruses. It can cause mild to severe ailments and, at times, can lead to death. The flu season typically peaks in the winter months. Generally, Flu symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle aches, headache, and fatigue. Influenza (flu) can be prevented by getting a flu vaccine. Treatment for the flu includes rest, fluids, and over-the-counter medications. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.
  
• Dengue fever: Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral infection that causes high fever, severe headache, joint and muscle pain, rash, and sometimes bleeding. Most cases are mild, but severe dengue can lead to shock and organ failure if not treated promptly.
  
• Malaria: Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by a parasite (plasmodium parasite). It is a serious and potentially fatal illness. Symptoms include fever, headache, night sweats, chills, and vomiting. Malaria is preventable and curable. 
  
• Typhoid fever: Typhoid fever is a bacterial disease that can cause a high fever, headache, weakness, stomach pain, and a rose-coloured rash. It is spread through contaminated food or water. Treatment with antibiotics is usually effective. If typhoid fever is left untreated, it can lead to severe complications such as Pneumonia, Meningitis, Intestinal perforation and more.
• COVID-19: COVID-19 is a viral respiratory infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. It commonly presents with fever, cough, breathlessness, and fatigue. While most cases are mild, severe infections can cause pneumonia, acute respiratory distress, and multi-organ complications.
  
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/AIDS): HIV attacks the immune system, leading to progressive immune deficiency. Untreated HIV can progress to AIDS, making individuals vulnerable to opportunistic infections and certain cancers, but antiretroviral therapy improves prognosis.
  
• Leptospirosis: Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection transmitted through water or soil contaminated with animal urine. It can cause fever, headache, muscle pain, and in severe cases, jaundice, kidney failure, or bleeding. Early recognition and antibiotics are essential.
  
• Measles: Measles is a transmittable viral disease that can lead to fever, cough, runny nose, red eyes, and a red, blotchy rash. It can be serious, especially in young children and people with weakened immune systems. Measles is preventable with a vaccine. There is no specific treatment for measles. Treatment is supportive, which means that it is aimed at relieving symptoms. The measles vaccine is usually given as part of the MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, and rubella).
  
• Mumps: Mumps is a transmissible viral infection that causes tiredness, headache, fever, muscle aches, and loss of appetite. It can also cause swelling of the salivary glands, which can make it difficult to eat and drink. Mumps is usually mild, but sometimes it can cause more serious complications, such as meningitis, encephalitis, and pancreatitis.
  
• Chickenpox: Chickenpox is a highly infectious ailment caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It is characterised by an itchy inflammation with small, fluid-filled blisters. The rash usually starts on the chest, back, and face and then spreads to the rest of the body. Chickenpox is usually mild but can be more serious in adults and people with weakened immune systems.
  
• Streptococcal throat infection: Strep throat is a bacterial infection that can lead to a sore throat. It is characterized by fever, pain when swallowing, and a red, swollen throat. Strep throat is usually treated with antibiotics. If strep throat is left unmanaged, it can lead to complications such as rheumatic fever.
  
• Sinusitis: Sinusitis is inflammation of the sinuses, often due to infection or allergies. It causes facial pain, nasal congestion, and nasal discharge. Most cases are mild and resolve with appropriate medical care, though chronic or severe infections may require further treatment.
  

Hematological Disorders

• Anemia: Anemia is a condition where patients have fewer red blood cells or less hemoglobin than normal, which means their bodies don't get enough oxygen. There are several types of anemia, including iron-deficiency anemia (due to lack of iron), vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anemia, and anemia due to chronic diseases like kidney disease or cancer. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath. In some cases, treating the underlying condition, like kidney disease, can improve anemia.
  
• Hemolytic anemia: This occurs when red blood cells are destroyed faster than the bone marrow can produce them. This can be caused by autoimmune diseases, infections, certain medications, or inherited disorders. Symptoms include fatigue, pallor, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), and dark-colored urine. 
  
• Thrombocytopenia: Thrombocytopenia is a condition where the platelet count in the blood is lower than normal. Platelets are crucial for blood clotting, and a low count can increase the risk of bleeding and bruising. Causes include bone marrow disorders, certain medications, viral infections, or autoimmune diseases. Symptoms can range from easy bruising and prolonged bleeding to spontaneous bleeding or petechiae (small red spots on the skin.
  
• Pancytopenia: This condition characterized by a reduction in all three types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It is usually caused by bone marrow failure due to various conditions like leukemia, chemotherapy, viral infections, or autoimmune diseases. Symptoms include fatigue, frequent infections, easy bruising, or abnormal bleeding. 
• Bleeding/clotting disorders: Bleeding and clotting disorders are conditions in which the body's ability to form or dissolve blood clots is impaired. Examples include hemophilia, where a person lacks clotting factors, or conditions like deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, where abnormal clotting occurs. Symptoms of bleeding disorders may include frequent nosebleeds, heavy menstrual bleeding, or prolonged bleeding after injury. Clotting disorders may cause symptoms like swelling, redness, or pain in the legs. 

Renal (Kidney) Disorders

• Acute kidney injury (AKI) : AKI is a sudden and rapid decline in kidney function, leading to a buildup of waste products and fluids in the body. It can be caused by conditions such as dehydration, infections, medications, or blockage of the urinary tract. A patient with AKI is presented with decreased urine output, swelling, nausea, fatigue, and confusion. AKI is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment to address the underlying cause, often involving fluid management, medications, or, in severe cases, dialysis. 
• Chronic kidney disease (CKD): CKD is a long-term disease where the kidneys gradually lose their ability to function properly. It is often caused by diabetes, high blood pressure, or long-term use of certain medications like NSAIDs. In its early stages, CKD may cause no symptoms, but as it progresses, it can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, swelling in the legs, difficulty breathing, and changes in urine output. In advanced stages of CKD, dialysis or a kidney transplant may be necessary.
• Urinary tract infections (UTI): A urinary tract infection is an infection that occurs in any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, bladder, or urethra. The most common symptoms include a frequent urge to urinate, a burning sensation while urinating, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, and lower abdominal pain. UTIs are often caused by bacteria entering the urinary tract and can affect both men and women, though they are more common in women. Proper hygiene and urination habits can help prevent UTIs.
• Electrolyte imbalances: This condition occurs when the levels of minerals like sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium in the blood are too high or too low. These electrolytes are essential for normal muscle and nerve function, as well as maintaining fluid balance. Imbalances can occur due to dehydration, kidney disease, medications, or other medical conditions. Symptoms vary depending on which electrolyte is imbalanced, but may include muscle cramps, confusion, irregular heartbeats, or seizures. 

General & Lifestyle Disorders

• Fever of unknown origin (FUO): This is a condition where a person has a high fever (above 38.3°C or 101°F) for more than three weeks, but the exact cause is not found even after basic medical tests. It is not a single disease, but a situation where doctors have to investigate further. The most common causes include infections such as tuberculosis, typhoid fever, and malaria. It can also be due to autoimmune diseases.
• Fatigue syndromes: Fatigue syndromes refer to conditions where a person feels extreme and long-lasting tiredness that does not improve with rest. One common example is chronic fatigue syndrome, where daily activities become difficult due to constant exhaustion, poor concentration, and body aches.
• Nutritional deficiencies: Nutritional deficiencies occur when the body does not receive enough of these essential vitamins, leading to various health issues. Vitamin D deficiency can cause bone pain, muscle weakness, and an increased risk of fractures. It is often due to a lack of sunlight exposure or poor dietary intake. Vitamin B12 deficiency, on the other hand, can cause fatigue, numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, and even cognitive issues like memory problems.
• Lifestyle diseases: Lifestyle diseases are conditions that are primarily caused by unhealthy habits (smoking and excessive alcohol consumption). Smoking is linked to respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and heart disease, while excessive alcohol intake can lead to liver diseases, including cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis, and pancreatitis. These conditions are preventable through lifestyle modifications such as quitting smoking, reducing alcohol intake, adopting a healthy diet, and regular physical activity. 
• Protein-energy malnutrition: This occurs when the body does not get enough protein and calories. This leads to weight loss, muscle wasting, weakness, and decreased immunity, especially in children and elderly people.
• Dehydration: Dehydration occurs when the body loses more fluids than it takes in, leading to an imbalance in essential electrolytes such as sodium and potassium. It can be caused by excessive sweating, diarrhea, vomiting, or not drinking enough fluids. Symptoms of dehydration include dry mouth, dark-colored urine, dizziness, and confusion. In severe cases, dehydration can lead to kidney failure or shock.
  

Autoimmune Diseases

• Rheumatoid Arthritis: This is a chronic autoimmune disorder that mainly affects the joints, causing pain, swelling, stiffness, and reduced mobility. It develops when the immune system attacks the joint lining, causing inflammation and joint degeneration. General physicians help in early diagnosis, pain management, and long-term disease control with medications and lifestyle support.
• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): SLE is a multisystem autoimmune illness that affects the skin, joints, kidneys, heart, and many organs. Fatigue, joint pain, rash, and fever are some of the symptoms. General medicine is critical for early symptom recognition, flare management, and care coordination with specialists. 
• Psoriasis: Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin condition that speeds up the growth cycle of skin cells. It leads to the formation of thick, scaly patches on the skin that can be itchy, inflamed, and sometimes painful. These patches are often red with silvery-white scales and generally appear on the scalp, elbows, knees, lower back, and face, although they can develop anywhere on the body.
• Multiple Sclerosis (MS): This is a chronic condition affecting the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own healthy tissues, specifically the protective covering of nerve fibers, known as myelin. This damage interrupts the normal passage of electrical impulses along the nerves, resulting in a wide variety of neurological symptoms.
  

Psychiatric Disorders

• Depression: Depression is a mental health condition where a person feels deep sadness, hopelessness, or a lack of interest in things they normally enjoy. It can cause fatigue, changes in appetite, sleep problems, difficulty concentrating, and even feelings of worthlessness. Depression affects daily life and relationships, and severe cases may lead to thoughts of self-harm.
• Anxiety disorders: Anxiety disorders include conditions like generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety. People feel persistent worry, fear, or tension that is disproportionate to the situation. Physical symptoms like a fast heart-beat, sweating, trembling, and stomach upset are common, and they can interfere with work, school, and social life.
• Schizophrenia: Schizophrenia is a chronic mental condition that affects thought processes, emotions, and behavior. People may experience hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren’t real), delusions (false beliefs), disorganized speech, or difficulty managing daily activities. While the exact cause is not fully understood, a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors is thought to contribute.
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): This is a mental health condition that can develop after an individual has experienced or witnessed a traumatic event, such as war, an accident, or abuse. Individuals with PTSD may relive the event through flashbacks or nightmares, experience emotional numbness, or avoid places or people that remind them of the trauma. PTSD can be treated with therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and medications to help reduce symptoms and improve functioning.
• Eating disorders: Eating disorders are serious mental health conditions that involve unhealthy patterns of eating along with distressing thoughts and feelings about food, body weight, and shape. They are medical conditions, not simply lifestyle choices, and can become life-threatening if they are not treated.
• Sleep disorders: Sleep disorders refer to conditions that impacting the quality, timing, or duration of sleep. Common sleep disorders are insomnia (difficulty in falling or staying asleep), sleep apnea (breathing interruptions during sleep), and narcolepsy (excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks). Poor sleep can lead to fatigue, mood alterations, and decreased cognitive function.
  

Consult our specialists for a free second opinion on general medicine diseases and conditions.

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